Objective To investigate the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) on iNOS expression in lung in septic mice.Methods Female KM mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP,a model of polymicrobial sepsis) or shame operation.Thirty-six KM mice weighing 20～25 g were randomly assigned into three groups:shame CLP group,CLP group and PHC group.Mice in PHC group were given PHC 0.45 mg/kg intraperitoneally at 1 h before CLP. Six hours after CLP,the lungs of each group were sampled for light and electronic microscopy.The expression of iNOS mRNA in lung tissue were detected by in situ hybridization.The survival rates were observed at 24 h after the operation. Results The CLP group was observed thickened alveolar septa,as well as mitochondrial cristae swelling and mitochondrial vacuolation under electronic microscope.Emptied lamellar bodies could be also found.Histology of lung in PHC group had little changed.Expression of iNOS in lung in PHC group was significantly lower than that of the CLP group.At 24 h after CLP challenge,70.0% of the PHC mice lived,remarkably increased compared with that of the CLP group (26.7%),P＜0.05.Conclusion PHC had effective effect for increasing the survival rates of septic mice,inhibiting the expression of iNOS and reducing the severity of lung injury.

Objective To investigate the relationship between renin (REN) gene G10631A, angiotensinogen (AGT) gene T704C mononucleotide polymorphisms and cerebral infarction and to investigate the mechanisms and characteristics of cerebral infarction from molecular level. Methods REN gene G1063A and AGT gene T704C polymorphisms in 82 patients with cerebral infarction and 89 controls were detected with polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism. The differences of the genotypes and allele frequencies were compared between the patient group and the control group. Results The frequency of REN 10631AA genotype (31. 7% vs. 10. 1%,χ2 =12. 816, P = 0. 002) and the frequency of A genotype (49. 4% vs. 30. 3% χ2 = 12. 969, P =0. 000), as well as the frequency of AGT 704 CC genotype (63. 4% vs. 34. 8% χ2 = 15. 029, P = 0. 001) and the frequency of A genotype (79. 9% vs. 61. 2% χ2 = 14. 173, P = 0. 000) in the cerebral infarction group were all significantly higher than those in the control group; the frequency of haplotype 704C 10631A was also significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0. 000). Conclusions REN 10631AA genetype and A allele as well as AGT 704 CC genetype and C allele may be the susceptible factors of cerebral infarction. Haplotype 704C-10631 A may be a genetic risk factor for the occurrence of cerebral infarction.

Data quality issues of TCM structured data warehouse system is very important.This paper analyzed the data quality issues from the data repository to the data extraction,cleansing,transformation,loading (ETL) into the data warehouse process and established the principle of corresponding control,and researched improving data quality measures to ensure the success of data warehouse and right decision support.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the use of traditional Chinese medicine injections in our hospital for references of clinical rational administration.METHODS:The consumption sum,DDDs,daily drug costs(DDC) of traditional Chinese medicine injections in our hospital during 2003～2006 were analyzed statistically.RESULTS:Over the 4 years,the incremental rate of the consumption sum of traditional Chinese medicine injections in our hospital experienced a big change,with annual incremental rates of 187%,95%,and —0.4%,respectively.Dominating the first places over the 4 years in respect of DDDs has been the category for cardio-cerebral vessels.The antitumor traditional Chinese medicine injections took the lead in consumption sum and DDC.CONCLUSION:The consumption quantity of traditional Chinese medicine injections experienced a fast increase,suggesting its great market demand.But it has distinctive defects which limited its more broad use.

Objective To study the feasibility of Brainlab plus 6-degree-of-freedom(6D) couch in the radiotherapy of head and neck by using their setup error.Methods Twenty-four patients with head and neck neoplasms in our hospital during AugustOctober 2016 were taken as the examples.After positioning by technician,each Brainlab was carried out,the setup errors in 3 translation directions of left-to-right(X),head-to-foot(Y) and abdomen to-back(Z) and 3 pivoting directions of Rx,Ry and Rz were obtained after registration of positioned CT image.After adjustment,Brainlab re-scanning was conducted for getting corrected errors.Results The online correction by Brainlab plus 6D obviously reduced the setup errors.The setup errors in all directions approached to 0,in which the difference between Ry and Rz directions had no statistical significance(P＞0.05),while the difference among the X,Y,Z and RX directions was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion The online corrections of Brainlab combined with 6D considerably reduces the errors in translation and rotation directions in radiotherapy of head and neck neoplasms,thus reduces normal tissue received amount and increases the radiotherapeutic accuracy.

AIM: To develop a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantification of zidovudine and to study the pharmacokinetics of two kinds of zidovudine capsules in Chinese healthy volunteers. METHODS :The concentrations of zidovudine in plasma were determined by a validated HPLC method with UV detection. A randomized two-way crossover study was conducted in 18 fasting volunteers to compare plasma pharmacokinetic profile and single-dose tolerability of a new zidovudine capsules. RESULTS: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of two formulations, reference and test capsules, were as follows: cmax were (2 252±s 837) μg·L-1 and (2 300±1 099) μg·L-1; tmax were (0.49±0.19) h and (0.5±0.3) h;t1/2 ke were (0.93±0.19) h and (0.99±0.24) h; AUC0-t were (2 530±452) μg·h·L-1 and (2 467±605) μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞ were(2 689 ± 414) μg·h·L-1 and (2 583±575) μg·h·L-1. The results of ANOVA and two one-side t test statistical analysis for lg AUC0-t, lg AUC0-∞ and lg cmax showed that two formulations were bioequivalent. CONCLUSION:The method is convenient, sensitive, accurate and reproducible, and could be applied to determining the plasma zidovudine concentration and studying on pharmacokinetics. Two zidovudine capsules are bioequivalent in Chinese healthy volunteers.

AIM: To determine the distribution and frequency of functionally important allelic variants in the cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2C19, arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), and thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) genes in the Han Chinese population and compare them with those of other ethnic populations.METHODS: Genotyping was carried out in a total of 210 unrelated Han Chinese volunteers derived from He-nan area. CYP2C19 variants ( * 2 and * 3), NAT2 variants ( * 6 and * 7), and TPMT variants ( * 3A, * 3B, and * 3C) were detected using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)assays. Detection of NA T2 * 5 and TPMT * 2 were performed using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS: Allele frequencies of CYP2C19 * 2 and * 3 occurred with 34.76 % and 6.4 %, respectively.Thirty-one persons ( 14.8 % ) carried two of these CYP2C19 alleles responsible for poor metabolizing activity.The frequencies of specif ic NAT2 alleles were 59.1%, 4.1%, 26.4 %, and 9.5 % for * 4 (wild-type), * 5(341C), * 6 (590A), and * 7 (857A), respectively. Genotyping of three different single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NA T2 gene revealed that the frequency of slow acetylators was 19.5 %. TPMT * 3C had an allelic frequency of 1.2 %. TPMT* 2, TPMT * 3A, or TPMT* 3B was not detected in the analysed samples. CONCLUSION: The overview of allele distribution for drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP2C19, NAT2, and TPMT among a Han Chinese population shows obvious difference to Caucasians. The data will be useful for clinical pharmacokinetic investigation and drug dosage administration to Han Chinese population.

AIM: To establish a method to determine the concentration of indinavir in human plasma and study indinavir bioavailability in Chinese healthy people. METHODS: In a random two-period crossover study, 18 healthy male volunteers received a single dose of indinavir capsules 800 mg of two formulations respectively.A sensitive and specific reversed phase HPLC method was developed to quantitate plasma levels of indinavir. The drug was extracted from plasma with acetonitrile. Analysis was performed on a Hy persil C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile:0.01 mol · L -1 phosphate buffer(pH 5.5 ) (43: 57).The UV detector was set at 210 nm. The standard curve covered the concentration ranged from 0. 03 to 16.38 mg · L-1. RESULTS: The concentration-time curves of reference and tested formulations both fitted to a one-compartment open model. The main pharmacokinetic rameters of tested and reference formulations were (10.6 ±s 2.4) mg· L-1 and (9.8 ±2.2)mg· L-1 for cmax, (0. 71 ± 0. 19) h and (0. 8 ±0.3) h for tmax, (1.30±0.24) h and (1.31 ±0.23) h for t1/2ke, (23±6) mg·h· L-1 and (22±5) mg·h · L-1 forAUC0-10, (24±6) mg · h · L-1 and (22±5) mg · h · L-1 for AUC0-∞, respectively. Two one-sidet test and variance analysis were performed in bioequivalent assessment. No statistically significant difference was found in AUC0-10, AUC0-∞ and cmax values between the tested and reference formulations. CONCLUSION:The reversed phase HPLC is a reliable method to determine the concentration of indinavir in human plasma and the two formulations of indinavir are bioequivalent.

Objective To evaluate the role of activator protein-1 (AP-1 ) in electro-acupuncture (EA )-induced up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1 ) expression in lung tissues in a rabbit model of endotoxic shock .Methods Seventy healthy male New Zealand white rabbits ,aged 2 months ,weighing 1.5-2.0 kg ,were randomly divided into 7 groups ( n=10 each ) using a random number table :normal control group (group C ) , endotoxic shock-induced acute lung injury (ALI ) group (group ALI ) , EA + ALI group (group EL ) , non-acupoint+EA+ ALI group (group NEL ) , curcumin (HO-1 inhibitor ) group (group Cur ) , dimethyl sulfoxide group (group D ) ,and EA+ALI+curcumin group (group ELC ) .Bilateral 15 min EA stimulation of Zusanli and Feishu (according to atlas of animals acupoints ) was performed (frequency 15Hz ) once a day for 5 consecutive days before lipopolysaccharide (LPS ) administration in EL and ELC groups ,while in group NEL ,EA stimulation was performed at non-acupoints located 0.5 cm lateral to Zusanli and Feishu acupoints with the same parameters . The animals were anesthetized with urethane and tracheostomized .The animals kept spontaneous breathing .Right internal carotid artery was cannulated for blood pressure monitoring . Ear vein was cannulated for drug administration .At 5 days after EA stimulation ,curcumin 25 mg/kg (in 0.5 ml of 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide ) was injected in Cur and ELC groups ,0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide 0.5 ml was injected in D group ,and the equal volume of normal saline was given in the other groups .LPS 5 mg/kg (in 2 ml of 0.9% normal saline ) was injected intravenously at 30 min after administration in ALI ,EL ,NEL and ELC groups ,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in the other three groups .Endotoxic shock was confirmed by decrease in mean arterial pressure to 75% of the baseline value within 2 h after LPS injection .Blood samples were collected from the common carotid artery at 6 h after LPS or normal saline administration and the rabbits were then sacrificed .The lungs were removed for microscopic examination and the pathological changes were scored .The wet/dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio ) was calculated .The malondialdehyde (MDA ) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD ) activity in lung tissues were detected ,and the expression of HO-1 mRNA ,HO-1 ,c-Jun mRNA and c-Jun in lung tissues was determined by Western blot .Results Compared with group C ,the pathological score ,W/D ratio and MDA content were significantly increased ,and the SOD activity was decreased in ALI ,EL ,NEL and ELC groups ,the expression of HO-1 mRNA ,HO-1 ,c-Jun mRNA and c-Jun was up-regulated in groups ALI ,EL and NEL ( P<0.05 ) ,while no significant change was found in the expression of c-Jun mRNA and c-Jun in group ELC ( P>0.05) .There was no significant difference in the parameters mentioned above between Cur and D groups ( P>0.05 ) .Compared with group ALI ,the pathological score ,W/D ratio and MDA content were significantly decreased ,and SOD activity was increased ,and the expression of HO-1 mRNA and HO-1 was up-regulated in EL and ELC groups ( P<0.05) ,the expression of c-Jun mRNA and c-Jun was up-regulated in group EL ,while down-regulated in group ELC ( P<0.05) ,and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group NEL ( P>0.05) .The pathological score ,W/D ratio and MDA content were significantly higher ,and the SOD activity and expression of HO-1 mRNA ,HO-1 ,c-Jun mRNA and c-Jun were lower in group ELC than in group EL ( P<0.05) .Conclusion EA up-regulates HO-1 expression through activating AP-1 during endotoxic shock-induced ALI in rabbits ,thus protecting the lung .

Objective To evaluate the role of p38MAPK signaling pathway in electroacupuncture (EA)-induced reduction of acute lung injury (ALI) in rabbits with endotoxic shock and the relationship with nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).Methods Seventy healthy male New Zealand white rabbits,aged 2 months,weighing 1.5-2.5 kg,were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=10 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),endotoxin-induced ALI group (group A),p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 group (group SB),ALI + SB203580 group (group A-SB),ALI + EA group (A-EA group),ALI + EA at non-acupoint group (A-NEA group) and ALI + EA at acupoints+ SB203580 group (A-EA-SB group).The rabbits were anesthetized with urethane and tracheostomized and kept spontaneous breathing.Right common carotid artery was cannulated for mean arterial pressure monitoring.The auricular vein was cannulated for drug administration.Bilateral 30 min EA (wave length 0.2-0.6 ms,frequency 2/100 Hz,intensity ≤ 1-2 mA) stimulation of Zusanli and Feishu was performed once a day for 4 days before establishment of the model and during establishment of the model in A-EA and A-EA-SB groups.In group A-NEA,EA was performed at the points 0.5 cm lateral to the acupoints of Zusanli and Feishu according to the method previously described in group EA.In A,A-SB,A-EA,A-NEA and A-EA-SB groups,ALI was induced by endotoxin (5 mg/kg) injection,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in C and SB groups.After establishment of the model,SB203580 5 μmol/kg was injected intravenously in SB,A-SB and A-EA-SB groups,the equal volume of normal saline was given in group C,and the equal volume of dehydrated alcohol was given in the other groups.At 6 h after endotoxin or normal saline administration,arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis.The rabbits were then sacrificed,and lungs were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) content,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,and expression of phosphor-p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) and Nrf2 in lung tissues.The pathological changes of lungs were scored.Wet to dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio) was calculated.Results Compared to group C,the pathological scores,W/D ratio,MDA content,and expression of pp38MAPK and Nrf2 were significantly increased,and SOD activities were decreased in A,A-SB,A-EA,ANEA and A-EA-SB groups.Compared to group A,the pathological scores,W/D ratio and MDA content were significantly decreased,and SOD activities and expression of p-p38MAPK and Nrf2 were increased in A-EA group.Compared to group A-EA,the pathological scores,W/D ratio and MDA content were significantly increased,and SOD activities and expression of p-p38MAPK and Nrf2 were significantly decreased in group A-EA-SB.Conclusion p38MAPK signaling pathway mediates EA-induced reduction of ALI in rabbits with endotoxic shock,and up-regulated expression of Nrf2 is involved in the mechanism.