There exists close relationship between the damp-heat and the occurrence, development, treatment and prognosis of kidney diseases. The occurrence of damp-heat is based on water and wetness, which may come from outside or may be caused by internal damage. The water and wetness can change into heat if they are stored in the body for a long period, and the combination of water and wetness and heat may cause damp-heat syndrome. The function of spleen and stomach plays the most important role in the water metabolism of sanjiao. Kidney diseases are mainly caused by damp-heat of spleen and stomach resulted from internal damage of spleen and stomach, and symptoms of damp-heat of middle-jiao are commonly seen in most patients of chronic kidney diseases. During the development from renal function damage to renal failure, the remaining of damp-heat in san-jiao can affect the function of spleen and stomach for transportation, transformation and digestion, resulting in the symptoms of dysfunction of spleen and stomach. Regulating the function of spleen and stomach is one of the most important therapeutic methods for kidney diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the material foundation of kidney-yang-deficiency syndrome. METHODS: Two kinds of rat models of deficiency of kidney-yang were induced by adenine intragastric administration (model I) and hydrocortisone intramuscular injection (model II). One hundred rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model I group, low-dose model II group, medium-dose model II group and high-dose model II group. After model establishment, contents of serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urine creatinine (UCr) were detected by automatic biochemistry analyzer; freezing point method was used for 24-hour urinary osmotic pressure (Uosm) testing and kaolinite method was used to detect the content of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS). Expression of aquaporin-1 in renal tissue was observed by using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The rats of model groups had the characteristics of kidney-yang deficiency syndrome. The contents of SCr and BUN were significantly higher in model I group than in normal control group and three model II groups (P<0.05), and UCr and Uosm were significantly lower (P<0.05). The level of urinary 17-OHCS and expression of aquaporin-1 in renal tissue were decreased in the model I group (P<0.05) as compared with the normal control group. Compared with the normal control group, the content of SCr was increased and urinary 17-OHCS was decreased in the medium-dose model II group, but the expression of aquaporin-1 was increased in three model II groups with a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Aquaporin-1 may be one of the material foundations of kidney-yang-deficiency syndrome.

Objective:To explore the significance of blood dialysis device for real-time monitoring of dialysate temperature.Methods: Nikkiso DBB-27-type hemodialysis device was selected as a subject for discussion, analyzed and discussed the working principle, main structure and functional characteristics of the mixture ratio of dialysate and temperature monitor and combined with one case of temperature troubleshooting case.Results: Temperature monitoring was essential to ensure the stable running of dialysate mixture ratio and the temperature of the dialysate.Conclusion: The dialysate temperature has an important effect on renal fibrosis in end-stage hemodialysis patients, it is necessary to monitor the dialysate temperature and mixture ratio. Dialysis device heating degas proportioning system through surveillance system linked to the dialysis unit normal, stable operation, provide safe and reliable dialysis treatment for patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Jianpi Qinghua Recipe (JPQHR) on chronic renal failure with syndrome of dampness-heat due to spleen deficiency and its mechanism. METHODS: One hundred and six patients were randomly divided into two groups: control group (53 patients treated with routine therapy) and JPQHR-treated group (53 patients treated with routine therapy and JPQHR). RESULTS: Routine therapy combined with JPQHR could improve symptoms. The serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein decreased significantly in the JPQHR-treated group as compared with those in the control group (P<0.05), while the number of erythrocyte rosette-forming cells increased significantly in the JPQHR-treated group as compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Routine therapy combined with JPQHR can significantly decrease blood lipid level and strengthen cellular immune system, so it can lower the urine protein in the early and middle stages of chronic renal failure and improve renal function.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of high-protein diet (HPD) and high-grade proteinuria in aggravating the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) in rats. METHODS: CRF with high-grade proteinuria was induced by supplying HPD in five sixth nephrectomy rats, and the changes of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), endothelin-1 (ET-1), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F(l alpha) (6-Keto-PGF(l alpha)) were observed. At the same time, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase(SOD)were measured in blood and renal tissue of the rats. RESULT: HPD and high-grade proteinuria could accelerate the damage of kidney through increasing the levels of ET-1 and TXB(2), reducing the level of 6-Keto-PGF(l alpha), and attenuating the activities of SOD and GSH-Px. CONCLUSION: HPD can accelerate the damage of kidney through inducing the high-grade proteinuria in five sixth nephrectomy rats, influencing the expression of kidney vasoactive substance, and reducing the anti-oxidation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Jianpi Qinghua Recipe (JPQHR) on oxygen radicals and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) in renal tissue in a rat model of chronic renal failure with hyperlipidemia. METHODS: Chronic renal failure with hyperlipidemia was induced in rats in untreated group and JPQHR-treated group by 5/6 nephrectomy and high fat diet. Then the rats in these two groups were fed distilled water and JPQHR respectively for eight weeks. The rats in normal control group received no specific interventions. After eight weeks of treatment, the levels of 24 h urine protein (Upr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr), cholesterol (Ch), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of rats in these three groups were examined. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and expression level of TGFbeta1 mRNA in renal tissue of rats in each groups were also determined. RESULTS: The levels of 24 Upr, BUN and serum Cr, Ch, TG and LDL in the JPQHR-treated group were significantly lower than those in the untreated group. The contents of MDA and NEFA and the expression level of TGFbeta1 mRNA in the JPQHR-treated group were also significantly lower than those in the untreated group, while the activity of SOD was significantly increased in the JPQHR-treated group as compared with that in the untreated group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that JPQHR can improve the renal function of rats with chronic renal failure and hyperlipidemia by regulating lipid metabolism, maintaining balance between prooxidants and antioxidants and reducing expression of TGFbeta1 mRNA in renal tissue.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of fine needle aspiration biopsy and immunohistochemical markers in differential diagnosis of thyroid nodule.Methods One hundred and eighty-five cases of thyroid nodule were enrolled in the study.All cases received preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy and immunocytochemistry.Results The sensitivity,specificity,diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy to detect diagnosis of thyroid nodules was 75.0％ (21/28),85.4％ (134/157),83.8％(155/185).The positive rates of p53 and galectin-3 immunodetection in discriminating benign from malignant thyroid nodules were 60.7％ (17/28),85.7％ (24/28),combined with p53 and galectin-3 immunodetection in discriminating benign from malignant thyroid nodules was 50.0％ (14/28).The positive rates of p53 and galectin-3 immunodetection in thyroid adenomas were 0,5.1％ (8/157),combined with p53 and galectin-3 immunodetection in thyroid adenomas was 1.3％ (2/157).The positive rates of p53 and galectin-3 immunodetection in malignant thyroid cytologic specimens,alone or combined were significantly higher than those in thyroid adenomas,there were significant difference(P ＜ 0.05).The diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy with p53 and galectin-3 immunodetection,alone or combined,in discriminating benign from malignant thyroid nodules [94.1％(174/185),93.5％(173/185),91.4％(169/185)] were higher or equal to those in fine needle aspiration biopsy[83.8％(155/185)],there were significant differences (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Immunodetection of p53 and galectin-3 combined with fine needle aspiration biopsy in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules can raise the diagnostic accuracy.

Objective:To investigate changes of the stage,age of onset,and prostate specific antigen(PSA) level of prostate cancer with socioeconomic development and medicare promotion.Methods:The medical records of 784 inpatients with prostate cancer were analyzed retrospectively,who were diagnosed in Peking University First Hospital from 1997 to 2007.According to the time of diagnosis,all the patients were sorted into three groups:earlier group(1997-2001),intermediate group(2002-2004),and contemporary group(2005-2007).The tumor stages,ages,Gleason scores,and PSA levels of each group and of the three groups were compared to determine whether the discrepancies were significant.Results:The discrepancies of ages,Gleason scores,and stages between earlier and intermediate groups were not significant.The differences of ages and stages between intermediate and contemporary groups were not significant,but the change of Gleason scores was significant.The discrepancies of Gleason scores and stages between earlier and contemporary groups were meaningful,but the change of ages was not significant.Conclusion:As time passes,PSA levels and tumor stages of prostate cancer patients show a descending trend,but the discrepancy of ages between the three groups is meaningless.The weight of low risk and intermediate risk groups in localized prostate cancer is becoming heavy.

Objective To know the advantages and disadvantages of problem-based learning from students'angle. Methods Interviewed 15 students by PBL scale and face to face interview,to know their ideas about problem-based learning,and then analyzed the results. Results PBL contributed to developing problem-solving skills,self-directed learning,team collaboration and extending professional knowl-edge. But it failed to show positive effect on students'learning motivation. Conclusions PBL has two sides on the outcomes of learning. Implementing PBL appropriately could gain the optimal effects.

Abdominal Pain ; therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Electroacupuncture ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rectal Diseases ; therapy ; Young Adult