Objective:To explore the usage of system dynamics analyzing the influencing factors of total health expenditure(THE),forecast the trends of total health expenditure based on the method of System Dynamics and put forward relative countermeasures.Methods:According to the literature and expert consultation,the population,elderly,GDP,government health expenditures,drug costs and the number of health workers per thousand population were the important factors for THE.These factors were incorporated into system dynamics model for total health expenditure and conducted the simulation.Results:Based on the examination,the simulation results highly corresponded to historical data (2002-2014) and the official forecast (2015-2020),which showed that the model had good stability and reliability.The simulation results showed that steadily increasing total health expenditure would reach 7 457.12 billion yuan in 2025.Conclusion:The system dynamics approach had superior characteristics to other projection methods in terms of stability and reliability.In order to control the irrational growth of total health expenditure,it needed to increase the prevention investment,decrease the incidence of chronic diseases;sustainably improve the reform of public hospitals,implement the basic drug system;change the income-oriented performance appraisal to realize the labor value of medical staffs.

Objective To investigate the immunomodulatory effect of black rice anthocyanin(BA) on biochemical indicators in blood and macrophages in rats.Method Twenty four female SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group,BA low,middle and high-dose groups(BAL 25;BAM 50;BAH 100 mg/kg bw).The control group was treated with normal saline,while BA groups were i.g.administered with defferent doses for 30 d.The blood biochemical indicators were detected by automatic biochemistry analyzer.The activities of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),acid phosphatase(ACP),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and maleic dialdehyde(MDA) contents in peritoneal macrophage(PM) and alveolar macrophage(AM) were determined by biochemical methods.The ability of macrophages to phagocytose neutral red was measured by colorimetric method.Results The levels of urea nitrogen(UN),uric acid(UA),triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC) and low density lipoprotein(LDL) in blood were reduced.The activities of ACP,LDH in PM were increased.and the activities of SOD in PM and AM were increased whereas MDA was reduced.The ability of PM and AM to phagocytose neutral red was strengthened significantly.Conclusion BA shows significant immunomodulatory effection blood biochemical indicators and macrophages in rats.

Objective To investigate the mental health and related factors for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients. Methods 200 patients with BPH were investigate with the 4 dimensions of Quality of Life Scale for BPH patients (BPHQLS): worry about disease, psychological mood, social interaction and satisfaction. Results 85.50% of patients with BPH were in medium or poor mental health (standard score ≤80%). The total score of BPHQLS did not correlate with age, course of disease, and marital status (P>0.05), but correlated with degree of education and profession (P<0.05). Partial correlation analysis showed the total score correlated with the years of education (P<0.01). Conclusion Patients with BPH are in poor mental health. Degree of education is the main factors related with their mental health.

BACKGROUND: It has confirmed that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril can delay fibrosis of varied organs. However, whether benazepril has inhabited effect on peritoneal fibrosis in the process of peritoneal dialysis is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: It is assumed that benazepril could inhabit peritoneal fibrosis of peritoneum with peritoneal dialysis, in addition, to compare the effect to other mehods. METHODS: All rats were randomly and evenly divided into 4 groups. There was no intervention in the control group; saline solution, and 20 mL 42.5 g/L Dianeal solution, was injected into rats in the saline solution and peritoneal dialysis groups; in the combination group, 20 mL 42.5 g/L Dianeal solution was injected combined with oral taken benazepril 20 mg/(kg·d). The intraperitoneal injection performed once a day, for 4 successive weeks. The ultrafiltration function was performed 4 weeks later. Meantime, Paraffin sections were cut and stained by Van Gieson to measure peritoneal thickness. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Two rats in the peritoneal dialysis group and 1 rat in the combination group were dead. The remained 37 rats were included in the final analysis. Compared to the control and saline solution groups, the ultrafiltration volume of the peritoneal dialysis and combination groups were obviously decreased (P_(all)< 0.05), especially notably decreased in the combination group (P< 0.05). Compared to the control group end saline solution groups, the peritoneal thickness was significantly elevated in the combination group, but not as much as in the peritoneal dialysis group (P < 0.05). In the long-term peritoneal dialysis rats, administration of benazepril can effectively protect the ultrofiltration function of peritoneum and delay the progression of peritoneal fibrosis.

ObjectiveTo summarize the experience of diagnosis and different surgical management for Nevin Stage V gallbladder cancer. Methods The present study was an retrospective analysis of 74 patients who were operated in our hospital and suffered from Nevin Stage V gallbladder cancer proved histopathologically. ResultsThe diagnostic accuracy of color Doppla ultrasound was 75.0%(21/28), abdominal enhanced CT, 82.1%(32/39).23 patients with Nevin Stage V disease received radical or extended radical cholecystectomy, the mean survival time was 1 year and 3 months;11 patients with Nevin Stage V disease without a complete resection had a mean survival of 6 months; 38 patients with Nevin Stage V diesase had a mean survival of 2 months after palliative bypass procedure or biopsy. ConclusionA exploratory operation by laparoscope is useful in the diagnosis of advanced gallbladder cancer. According to local situation of gallbladder cancer and general body state, different management are employed in treatment so that the effect may be improved.

Objective:To observe influence of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD ) on vascular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity ,transcription factor :Runx2 and Osterix expression levels in MnSOD‐Tg mice model of vascular calcification .Methods :A total of 20 wild type (WT) mice were selected as WT group and 20 Mn‐SOD‐Tg mice were enrolled as MnSOD‐Tg group ,then mice model of vascular calcification was established .Vascu‐lar ALP activity ,expression levels of transcription factor Runx2 and Osterix were compared and analyzed between two groups .Results:After successful model establishment ,compared with WT group ,there were significant reduc‐tions in ALP activity [ (75.89 ± 4.17) vs .(61.32 ± 3.12)] , expression levels of transcription factor Runx2 [ (0.928 ± 0.016) vs .(0.694 ± 0.007)] and Osterix [ (0.472 ± 0.036) vs .(0.257 ± 0.013)] in MnSOD‐Tg group , P<0.01 all .Conclusion:Manganese superoxide dismutase may be improving atherosclerosis via reducing activity of vascular alkaline phosphatase ,expression levels of transcription factor Runx2 and Osterix .

Objective To study the effect of neuroepithelial cell transforming gene 1 (Net1) on the cellular radiosensitivity and underlying mechanism.Methods Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure the variations in Net1 expression level upon irradiation.Radiosensitivity was analyzed by colonyforming assay after Net1-siRNAs.Net1-associated proteins were identified by co-immunoprecipitation.Results The Net1 mRNA level in the cells was increased significantly (t =-10.52,P ＜ 0.05) after irradiation.Compared to the control group,siRNA-mediated silencing of Net1 enhanced cell radiosensitivity (t =15.31,11.65,P ＜0.05).Net1 was found to interact with Ku70,Ku80 and DNA-PKcs under either normal conditions or after irradiation.Conclusions Net1 could protect cells from irradiation by interaction with DNA repair proteins in non-homologous end joining pathway.

A method was developed for the quantification of human growth hormone ( hGH ) by protein purification and isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry ( HPLC-IDMS ) . The hGH was purified and fractionated by fast protein liquid chromatography ( FPLC ) , then hGH molecular weight was accurately determined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer ( FTICR-MS). The purified hGH was hydrolyzed and the separation was performed on an KINETEX C18 column (150 mmí2 mm I. D. , 2. 6 μm) with water ( containing 0. 1% TFA) and acetonitrile isocratic solution as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0 . 2 mL/min and 40℃. The electrospray source was operated in the positive ion mode, and monitored in the multiple reaction monitoring ( MRM) mode. The measured hGH molecular weight by FTICR-MS was only 0. 31 Da difference from theoretical value. Three amino ( proline, valine and phenylalanine) were clearly separated by isocratic elution within 5 min. Under the optimized conditions, the content of hGH was 186 . 80 μg/g with a RSD of 0 . 5%. The detection results of hGH in international comparison by this method were consistent with the reference value, which validated the feasibility of the established method. The developed method is simple, practical, accurate, reliable and reproducible, and can be used for the hGH quantitation of pure hGH CRM to provide reference for the routine detection of hGH.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic efficiency of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for indeterminate thyroid nodules.Methods Sixty-eight patients (24 males,44 females,age:(52.8±10.58) years) with indeterminate thyroid nodules who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging from January 2006 to December 2012 were analyzed retrospectively.The imaging characteristic including clearity of boundary,uniform density,calcification,capsule,mean CT value,nodular size and SUVmax of thyroid nodules were evaluated.The gold standard was postoperative pathological results.Mann-Whitney u test,x2 test and ROC curve analysis were performed to investigate the diagnostic efficiency.Results Among 68 patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules,18 were malignant and 50 were benign according to pathological results.Uniform density,calcification,capsule (x2 =0.21,0.01,0.43,all P＞0.05) and mean CT value,nodular size (all AUCs＜0.5) could not differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules.However,whether the nodules had clear boundary was significant to differentiate benign from malignant nodules (x2=8.06,P＜0.05),and the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 55.6％ (10/ 18),80.0％ (40/50) and 73.5％ (50/68),respectively.The mean SUVmax of benign and malignant thyroid nodules was 3.16±1.84 and 8.53±7.09,respectively (u=-4.281,P＜0.01).AUC of SUVmax was 0.841 (95％ CI:0.726-0.955).According to the maximal Youden index(0.562),4.25 was chosen as the SUVmax threshold,and its sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were72.2％(13/18),84.0％(42/50) and 80.9％(55/68),respectively.Conclusion Among different characteristics of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging,SUVmax of thyroid nodules plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of undetermined thyroid nodules,but CT image features have limited value.

Objective To assess the CT image quality of the pure ground glass nodule(pGGN)in chest phantom by using different field of view(FOV)and matrix.Methods CT(Philips Brilliance 128 spiral CT)scans were performed on chest phantom containing 9 artificial pGGNs(diameter≥5 mm)in 3 different FOV (50 mm,150 mm,300 mm ),and were reconstructed in 2 different matrix(512×512, 1 024×1 024),standard kernel.Recorded the CT values and standard deviations (SD)of the nodules and surrounding regions in different FOV and matrix,and calculated the mean standard deviation(MSD),contrast noise ratio (CNR)and signal noise ratio (SNR),then compared the difference among them.Two radiologists assessed the image quality of the pGGNs in blind method respectively,then evaluated the coherence between them using Kappa testing.Results The coherence of 2 observers was substantial or almost perfect.No significant differences were found on MSD,CNR and SNR in different FOV (P value>0.05)when matrix was kept,whereas the visibility of the nodules improved with the FOV changing smaller.And there were significant differences all on MSD,CNR and SNR by using different matrix when FOV was kept.The MSD increased and the CNR,SNR decreased in high-resolution group.The visibility of the pGGNs was not improved obviously in high-resolution group.Conclusion The image quality of the pGGN(diameter≥5 mm)won’t be changed by using smaller FOV when matrix is kept ,but the visibility will be improved with the FOV changing smaller.When FOV is kept,the MSD increased and the CNR,SNR reduced in high-resolution group,but the visibility will not be improved obviously compare to the standard resolution group.