The nose has a three-dimensional structure located in the centre of the face, and plays an important role in the facial aesthetics. The anatomical structure of the nose, especially the three components-nasal cartilages, muscles, and ligaments are spatially connected, which interact with each other, affecting the size, position, shape, and function of the nasal tip. The author attempts to review the literature on the spatial arrangement and relationship between the nasal cartilage, muscle, and ligament from the anatomical and functional perspective, and summarize their effects on the position, shape, and function of the nasal tip. The purpose is to explore how to bionically adjust and transplant the spatial arrangement of the cartilage, ligament and other subunit structures of the nasal tip without affecting the inherent structure and function of the nose, and to seek the theoretical basis for the establishment of the nasal tip shaping technology in line with the anatomical and physiological functions.

The nose has a three-dimensional structure located in the centre of the face, and plays an important role in the facial aesthetics. The anatomical structure of the nose, especially the three components-nasal cartilages, muscles, and ligaments are spatially connected, which interact with each other, affecting the size, position, shape, and function of the nasal tip. The author attempts to review the literature on the spatial arrangement and relationship between the nasal cartilage, muscle, and ligament from the anatomical and functional perspective, and summarize their effects on the position, shape, and function of the nasal tip. The purpose is to explore how to bionically adjust and transplant the spatial arrangement of the cartilage, ligament and other subunit structures of the nasal tip without affecting the inherent structure and function of the nose, and to seek the theoretical basis for the establishment of the nasal tip shaping technology in line with the anatomical and physiological functions.

The nose has a three-dimensional structure located in the centre of the face, and plays an important role in the facial aesthetics. The anatomical structure of the nose, especially the three components-nasal cartilages, muscles, and ligaments are spatially connected, which interact with each other, affecting the size, position, shape, and function of the nasal tip. The author attempts to review the literature on the spatial arrangement and relationship between the nasal cartilage, muscle, and ligament from the anatomical and functional perspective, and summarize their effects on the position, shape, and function of the nasal tip. The purpose is to explore how to bionically adjust and transplant the spatial arrangement of the cartilage, ligament and other subunit structures of the nasal tip without affecting the inherent structure and function of the nose, and to seek the theoretical basis for the establishment of the nasal tip shaping technology in line with the anatomical and physiological functions.

The nose has a three-dimensional structure located in the centre of the face, and plays an important role in the facial aesthetics. The anatomical structure of the nose, especially the three components-nasal cartilages, muscles, and ligaments are spatially connected, which interact with each other, affecting the size, position, shape, and function of the nasal tip. The author attempts to review the literature on the spatial arrangement and relationship between the nasal cartilage, muscle, and ligament from the anatomical and functional perspective, and summarize their effects on the position, shape, and function of the nasal tip. The purpose is to explore how to bionically adjust and transplant the spatial arrangement of the cartilage, ligament and other subunit structures of the nasal tip without affecting the inherent structure and function of the nose, and to seek the theoretical basis for the establishment of the nasal tip shaping technology in line with the anatomical and physiological functions.

Adrenomedullin (ADM) has wide distribution in the body and has many biological effects,which participates in many physiological and pathological processes.What's more,it is closely related to the degree of malignancy,prognosis and metastasis of tumors.ADM has different effects on different types of cells via one or more signal pathways,so that can product various effects.It also provides a new treatment strategy for preventing or slowing the progress of the cancer.

Objective To observe the curative effect of cervicogenic headache(CEH)treatment through the combination of pulse radio frequency(PRF)on the C2 dorsal rootganglion and continuous epidural space block.Methods Sixty patients with CEH in our hospital were randomly divided into groups A and B,30 cases in each group.The group A was treated with combination of PRF on cervical dorsal root ganglion and continuous epidural space block.The group B was treated with PRF on cervical dorsal root ganglion method.The pain VAS scores before treatment and at 1 week,3,6 months after treatment were compared between the two groups.Results Compared with pretreatment,the VSA scores at 1 week,3,6 wonths after treatment in the two groups had statistical difference(P＜0.05),moreover,the VAS score decrease in the group A was better than the group B.All the patients had no nerve and artery injury or infection complications.Conclusion It is safe and effective to treat cervical CEH through the combination of ganglion PRF on the cervical 2 dorsal root and continuous epidural space block.

BACKGROUND: Peri-implant crestal bone resorption is considered as a normal reaction according to traditional butt-joint prosthesis around two-piece implants. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bone loss around two-piece implants restored according to the platform switching concept in the posterior area of the mandible. METHODS: Eighty-eight implants were consecutively placed in 50 patients following submerged surgical protocol. In the test group, 40 Ankylos implants were placed using platform switching technique, while 48 3i implants using traditional butt-joint in the control group. All the implants were positioned at the crestal level. Definitive prosthesis was delivered after 3 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All implants were judged to be successfully osseointegrated. The success rate was 100%. Twelve months after restoration, radiographic analysis showed an average bone reduction level of (0.31±0.39) mm in the test group that was statistically significantly different (P < 0.01) from the average reduction in the control group [(0.94±0.43) mm]. In the follow-up time, no implants were loose or lost and healthy gingival was seen. These findings show that the platform switching technique can reduce peri-implant crestal bone resorption and preserve alveolar bone level around dental implants 12 months after restoration.Oral Implantology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China

BACKGROUND: Researches on the hand allograft have been transited from laboratory aspects to clinical application.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical significance of serial monitoring of co-stimulating signals in double hand transplantation.DESIGN: Case controlled observation.SETTING: Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital,Southern Medical University.PARTICIPANTS: From September 2001 to December 2001, a patient who was proposed to have double hand transplantation in the Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University was taken as the subject of the experiment, meanwhile 15healthy adult man were enrolled as controls.METHODS: Before operation, blood sample was collected from the patient once before given immunodepressant and twice after given immunodepressant; blood sample was also collected before arteriovenous connection during operation, as well as once a day during the first week after operation, once every other day on the second week, twice a week on the third and fourth week, followed by once a week for total two month. The first week after operation was taken as inducing period with the remainder as maintaining period. 2 mL peripheral venous blood was collected from healthy adult and anti-coagulated by EDTA of mass scores of 20 g/L.Flowcytometry was used to carry out a serial monitoring of T cell surface co-stimulating moleculars (CD28, CD54, CD11a).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The change of co-stimulatingmolecules on the surface of T lymphocyte before and after transplantation.RESULTS:The changes of the three co-stimulating molecules were consistent with each other after double hand transplantation (CD28,CD54,CD11a),displaying decrement during inducing period comparing to pre-operation [(9.84±5.28)%, (55.50±3.62)%; (71.03±5.33)%, (95.10±1.26)%;(9.40±9.17)%, (29.70±3.23)%] and keeping at lower level at maintaining period [ (22.54±6.56) %, (91.28±8.12 ) %, ( 11.22±4.08 ) %].CONCLUSION:The serial monitoring of the co-stimulating signals in the peripheral blood of patients with linb allograft is beneficial to the observation of the posopertaive immunologic reaction, providing important guidance for the application of immunosuppression medicine, as well as the prediction and diagnosis of postoperative immune rejection. Meanwhile, costimulating signal induced immunological tolerance is proved promising for the application of hand transplantation.

Objective To relatively prolong the length of C7 nerve through microanatomical study and carry out direct anastomosis between the end of avulsed nerve and contralateral C7. Methods Fifteen cadaveric specimens and 30 sides of the adult brachial plexus was dissected. The C7 nerve was confirmed and measured by using electric vernier caliper. Parameters as follow: the length of C7 nerve from root to trunk; the length of C7 nerve from root to division(anterior and posterior division); transverse and longitudinal diameter of C7 nerve in root site, combination site between trunk and division, end site of anterior and posterior division. After dissected the nerve adventitia of binding site between division and cord and cut the distal end of anterior and posterior division, the length of C7 nerve from root to division (anterior and posterior division)was measured again. Results The measured result of the length C7 nerve: the length of C7 from root to trunk: (45.87 ± 10.43)mm; Before micro-dissected, the length of C7 from root to anterior division: (61.14 ±13.44)mm; the length of C7 from root to posterior division: (54.63 ± 11.35)mm after micro-dissected, the length of C7 from root to anterior division: (74.67±12.86)mm; the length of C7 from root to posterior division:(68.73± 11.86)mm; the prolonged length of anterior division: (13.15± 4.26)mm; the prolonged length of posterior division: (14.21 ± 6.98)mm. Conclusion Through dessecting the adventitia of binding site of division (anterior and posterior division) and cord of C7 nerve. The length of C7 nerve can be relatively prolonged.

BACKGROUND:J2 takes functional domain (MHC CD4-D1/) of complex conjugate of CD4 molecule and MHC class II molecule as a target, and is a smal molecule compound obtained by computer screening from a chemical data containing hundreds of thousands of organic compounds. In the previous study, J2 was used in mouse models of skin transplantation and keratoplasty by oral and intraperitoneal injection. Results verified that J2 could prolong the survival time of grafts, and suppress occurrence of rejection. To better play the role of a drug targeting and to reduce systemic toxicity, J2 wil be further utilized in local treatment of keratoplasty rejection. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the inhibitory effect of new immunosuppressive agent J2 on CD4+ and CD8+T cel immune functions in rat models receiving alogenic penetrating keratoplasty. METHODS:Alogeneic penetrating keratoplasty model was established using the adult female Wistar rats as donors and Sprague-Dawley rats as recipients. Group A: normal Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 0.05 mL placebo subconjunctivaly. Surgery rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group B: alograft rats were injected with 0.05 mL placebo subconjunctivaly after autologous keratoplasty. Group C: alograft rats were injected with 0.05 mL placebo subconjunctivaly. Group D: alograft rats were injected with 1% J2-nanosuspension 0.05 mL subconjunctivaly. The distribution of T cel subsets in peripheral blood was detected using flow cytometry at 3 days, 1, 2 and 3 weeks after transplantation and compared among groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in total CD3+ T cels, CD4+ T cels, CD8+ T cels and CD4+/CD8+ in peripheral blood lymphocytes in group B at various time points. At 3 days and 1 week after surgery in group C, no significant difference in total CD3+ T cels, CD4+ T cels and CD8+ T cels was detected. At 1 and 2 weeks, the number of total CD3+ T cels, CD4+ T cels and CD8+ T cels increased, showing significant differences (P < 0.05). In group D, no significant hyperplasy was found in CD4+ T cels and CD8+ T cels at 1 and 2 weeks. The horizontal comparison of the same time point: the total CD3+ T lymphocytes of group D was significantly less than group C at 3 days, 1 and 2 weeks after operation (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference at 3 weeks between the group D and group C. The number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in group D was less than in group C at 3 days and 1 week, but with no significant difference. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ had no significant difference in group D compared with group C at 3 days, 1 and 3 weeks. J2 inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation and then inhibits T cel-mediated corneal alograft rejection.