Health Personnel ; psychology ; Humans ; Love ; Rare Diseases ; therapy

Inherited metabolic disorder is a major class of clinical diseases with complexity and dififculty of being di-agnosed. Current clinical diagnosis has to rely on the metabolite analysis, gene analysis and enzyme activity (protein function) analysis of these three techniques. We analyse the features of the three diagnostic methods and clinical application of analysis, comparison and induction, to provide some experience and reference that help clinicians to better use of these three techniques. These three ways should be organically combined to form a diagnostic platform for inherited metabolic disorders.

It is the trend worthing a close attention in the 21st century to consider the quality of life while focusing on control of epileptic seizures simultaneously during the treatment of epilepsy and related services. The impact of the epilepsy on many aspects of quality of life are caused by many factors, including the type of epilepsy, site of the epileptic loci, onset age, frequency of attack, duration and course of disease, and especially side effects of anti-epileptic drugs. In the treatment of epilepsy, choice of drugs should be made based on benefits and adverse effects, it is necessary to achieve better therapeutic effects, but also to reduce the impact of drugs on the level of intelligence in children and to promote the single-drug treatment. The purpose of the treatment of epilepsy is no longer aimed at seizure free as the end point, consideration must be given to beth the control of seizure and the improvement of the quality of life.

Headache is a common complaint in children and adolescents.While the majority of headaches are self-limited and benign,headaches occasionally herald a life-threatening illness such as meningitis,intracranial hemorrhage,brain tumor or hydrocephalus.The primary objective of the emergency department pediatrician is to diagnose and manage any acute life-threatening cause of headache.For the non-emergency headache,the goal is to relieve the pain and the associated symptoms.

Objective To demonstrate the effect of bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) on the susceptibility to NMDA-induced seizure and hippocampal CRH mRNA in young rats. Methods 60 Wistar rats at P10 were divided into control group, ADX group and Sham-ADX group. In the next day after operation, 7 mg/kg NMDA was injected to induce seizure, and incubation period (in minutes) as well as degree was evaluated. In situ hybridization was used to detect hippocampal CRH mRNA expression. Results Latency was (43.65 ± 2.96) minutes in control group, (35.05 ± 2.35)minutes in ADX group and (42.60 ± 1.90)minutes in Sham-ADX group. Latency in the ADX rats increased significantly (F = 73.73, P < 0.05). The seizure scale was (4.40 ± 0.60) in control group, (5.56 ± 0.76) in ADX group and (4.55 ± 0.76) in Sham-ADX group. The severity of seizures in ADX group increased significantly compared with the control and Sham-ADX groups (F = 15.52, P <0.05). CRH mRNA expression was 20% in control group, 55% in ADX group and 15% in Sham-ADX group. CRH mRNA in the ADX group was significantly elevated (χ2 = 9.048, P < 0.05). Conclusion Adrenalectomy exacerbates NMDA-induced spasm seizures in young rats , which might be related to CRH mRNA expression in the hippocampus.

Objective To explore the clinical and molecular-genetic features and prognosis of mitochondrial encephalopathy in children. Methods A total of 11 patients diagnosed with mitochondrial encephalopathy were collected from 2008 to 2013 in Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics. The clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, muscle pathology and mitochondrial gene sequencing in patients were analyzed and followed-up. Results The onset age of the patients ranged from 6 months to 12 years with the duration of disease from 2 months to 3 years. Of the 11 patients, 6 cases were diagnosed with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), 5 cases with mitochondrial disorder induced by mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme deifciency. Main manifestations included convulsions, vomiting, headache, mental retardation, paralysis, etc. 10 patients had elevated lactate, and 7 patients had elevated pyruvate;6 cases showed increased slow wave in EEG background;Cranial MRI showed the damage involved in bilateral basal ganglia in 2 cases, temporal and occipital lobes in 3 cases, , multiple lesions in 2 cases, frontal and parietal occipital lobes in one patient and hypothalamus in one patient;3 patients were underwent MRA examination, 2 cases were normal, the other showed less shunts in contralateral left artery in the brain;3 cases who underwent MRS showed lactate peak. 2 cases of children underwent skeletal muscle biopsy, and one case showed abnormal mitochondria accumulation. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (I~V) defects test showed complex IV defects in 2 cases, complex V defects in 1 case, and combined defects of complex I+III in 2 case. 5 cases were found with mitochondrial DNA mutations in different sites of white blood cells including T8993G, T8993C, A3243G and 11,777 mutations. Conclusions Clinical manifestation of mitochondrial encephalopathy in children is strongly heterogeneous. Laboratory tests, brain imaging, gene mutation and respiratory chain enzyme examination can help to make early diagnosis and treatment. These diseases have poor prognosis.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) disorders have a close relationship with autoimmune disease,tuberous sclerosis (TfSC),cancer,obesity and senescence.mTOR inhibitors are wildly used in pediatric renal transplantation and TSC.Growth is an important indicator of children health and safety evaluation of pediatric drugs must include impact on growth.No evidence showed mTOR inhibitors had side effect on growth in children.

Routine vaccination is a most important way to prevent and control various kinds of infection disease,however,concerns about epileptic diseases after vaccination worries patients and health care providers.Many studies have shown that the risk of febrile seizure(FS)increases after measles-mumps-rubella(MMR)and iphtheria-tetanus-pertussis(DTP)vaccine,but this increase is associated with the fever after vaccine.The prognosis of vaccine related FS is similar to non-vaccine FS.Moreover,no evidence has shown that vaccine is related with non-febrile seizure and epileptic encephalopathy.

To monitor the 24 h esophageal pH in patients with gastroesophageal reflux-induced cough (GERC) before and after omeprazole treatment. Methods The prospective study was conducted in Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Wuhan University from February 2007 to April 2008. Twenty patients with GERC received 40 mg of omeprazole daily and underwent 24 h esophageal pH monitoring before and 8 weeks after omeprazole treatment. Six parameters by Johson and Demeester were adopted for evaluation: pereentage of total time with pH <4, percentage of uptight reflux time with pH <4, percentage of supine reflux time with pH < 4, the number of reflux episodes with pH < 4, the number of reflux episodes longer than 5 min and the percentage of longest reflux duration. Results The values of six parameters before treatment were 13.5±8.5, 12.2±4.0, 15.8 ±4.1, 56 ± 13, 4. 15 ± 1.87 and 26.2 ± 16. 5 respectively; while those after treatment were 2.7± 1.3, 3.9 ± 1.9, 1.9 ± 1.0, 18 ± 11, 1.24 ±0.65 and 7.4 ± 2. 1. There were significant differences in these six parameters between pre-treatment and post-treatment (P<0.01 ). Conclusion The 24 h esophageal pH monitoring shows that omeprazole is effective in treatment of GERC by decreasing esophageal pH.

Objective To establish hypoxic-ischemic brain damaged (HIBD) rat model,investigate whether H2S and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), the key enzyme for its generation, may be a mediator of electro-acupuncture(EA) stimulation treatment for HIBD. Methods Thirty-two healthy Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats were divided into four groups randomly: sham control group ( n = 8 ); sham + EA group ( n =8); HIBD control group ( n = 8); and HIBD + EA group ( n = 8 ). HIBD rat models were established on their 7-day-old. From the next day ,rats of sham + EA group and HIBD + EA group were electric stimulated 30 min daily for 14 d,BAIHUI and DAZHUI as the acupoints. Control ones were just fixed at the same time,without acupuncture. The rats were sacrificed on the 22 nd day, one day after the treatment course. Cortical H2S concentration was measured by sensitive sulphur electrode assay. The CBS protein expression was measured by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry for localization. Results The concentration of cortical H2S in HIBD control group was (26. 83 ± 4. 31 ) nmol/mg protein, which was significantly higher than that of sham control group[(22. 78 ± 1.54) nmol/mg protein]( P ＜ 0. 01 ). The H2 S levels in HIBD + EA group and sham + EA group were ( 18.08 ± 2.71 ) nmol/mg protein and ( 18.91 ± 2. 78 ) nmol/mg protein, respectively. Compared with corresponding control group, they were much lower( P ＜ 0. 01 ). The expression of CBS protein in rats with EA stimulation decreased in cortex compared to corresponding control group( P ＜0. 05 ).Conclusion EA can down-resulate H2S/CBS pathway. This may be one of the mechanisms of how EA contributes to the recovery of brain damage.