The incidence trend of different kinds of ocular diseases is different among areas and races.Study on the epidemiology survey of ocular diseases is meaningful for prevention,etiology,diagnosis and treatment of diseases,and also can provide the theoretical basis for the administration to establish preventive policies.This review summarized the results of the epidemiology survey of ocular diseases from different countries in recent years.

Objective To observe whether the animal model of optic nerve injury in rats can be set up by fluid percussion brain injury device (FPI) or not.Methods Seventy-one healthy female Wister rats were randomly divided into 2 groups,inlcuding model group with 66 rats and control group with 5 rats.The rats in model group were randomly divided into 3 groups.Eight rats in group 1 were examined by flash-visual evoked potential (F-VEP) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examines before and 1,3 days,1,2,4,6,and 8 weeks after injury;56 rats in group 2 were randomly divided into 7 subgroups with 8 rats in each subgroup,and were detected by histopathologieal and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) apoptosis examines 1,3 days,1,2,4,6,8 weeks after injury;2 rats in group 3 were examined by electron microscopy 4 and 8 weeks aher injury.According to the degree of injury,the injured eyes were divided into 2 groups including severe injury group with the beat pressure of (699.14±60.79) kPa and mild injury group with the beat pressure of (243.18±20.26) kPa.The right and left eyes in rats in each group were in severe and mild injury group,respectively.Results One day after injury,the latency duration of F-VEP prolonged in severe injury group,wich differed much form which in the normal control group (P<0.05);the amplitude was gradually reduced during the first 2 weeks after injury and kept steady after that (P>0.05).The latency duration prolonged in mild injury group,and its difference with the normal control group was statistically significant (P<0.05);the amplitude was gradually reduced during the first 4 weeks after injury and kept steady after that (P>0.05).The abnormal high signal could be seen on optic nerve 1 day after injury,and was still obvious 8 weeks later.The results of histopathological examination showed ruptured capillary in ganglion cell layer 1 day after injury;retinal ganglion ceils without nucleus could be seen 4 weeks after injury.The apoptosis of positive cells was found in each layer of the retina 3 days after injury.TUNEL results indicated that the number of apoptotic positive cells increased significantly 1-2 weeks after injury.Conclusion An animal model of optic nerve injury can be successfully set up using FPI in rats.

Objective To investigate the relationship between physical exercise and peak bone density.Methods Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured in 193 healthy subjects aged from 20~35 years old (87 males and 106 females) at lumbar vertebra,femoral neck ,Word’s region and greater luberosity.Exercise levels including three states of high,middle and low of them were investigated.The relationship between exercise and peak bone density was analysed.Results In male,the BMD at lumbar vertebra,femoral neck and Word’s in high level state was significantly higher than that in low and middle level states,and also higher in middle level at lumbar vertebra than that in low level state.In female,the BMD in high leval state was significantly higher at lumbar verfebra than that in low and middle level states.Conclusion Physical exercise in juvenile can increase peak bone density,it is a good way to prevent osteoporosis by exercise.

Graduates are generally weak in oral English. Some measures have been taken in graduate oral English course since 2005 in SMMU and proved effective by the questionnaire completed later.

Dental stem cells(DSCs)possess the characteristics of stem cells and can be effectively obtained from iatro-waste products (such as impacted wisdom tooth and the extracted teeth for orthodontic reason).It has been proved that DSCs are the important sources of stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research.Research of these stem cells will create broader space for tissue engi-neering and regenerative medicine and will have important values in translational research.This review gives an overview of the research pro-gress of dental stem cells,and presents some new findings of several common dental stem cells as well as the application in tissue regenera-tion.

Background:Vitamin D receptor( VDR)is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily,which plays roles in various biological processes including cell proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis and immune responses,and is low expressed in many malignant tumors. Aims:To evaluate the expression and regulation mechanism of VDR in colorectal cancer. Methods:A total of 30 patients with colorectal cancer admitted from February 2010 to December 2012 at Ren Ji Hospital,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiao Tong University were enrolled. Expression of VDR in cancerous tissue and para-cancer noncancerous tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry. Clinical data of 224 patients with colorectal cancer were collected from Gene Expression Omnibus( GEO)for analyzing the correlation between VDR expression in cancerous tissue and clinicopathological characteristics as well as survival time. Expression of VDR in human colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW620 transfected with enhancer of zeste homolog 2( EZH2 )-siRNA or treated with 5-azacytidine (5-AZA)was determined by real-time PCR,and methylation level of VDR promoter was determined by methylation-specific PCR( MSP). Results:Positivity rate of VDR was significantly lower in colorectal cancer tissue than that in para-cancer noncancerous tissue( 26. 7% vs. 70. 0%,P < 0. 001 ). Expression of VDR was negatively correlated with histological staging,distant metastasis,vascular metastasis and lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer(P<0. 05). Survival time was significantly longer in patients with high expression of VDR than patients with low expression of VDR (P=0. 032). Compared with cells transfected with control-siRNA,expression of EZH2 mRNA and methylation level of VDR promoter in HCT116 and SW620 cells transfected with EZH2-siRNA were significantly decreased(P<0. 05),and expression of VDR mRNA was significantly increased(P<0. 05). Compared with negative control group,methylation level of VDR promoter in HCT116 and SW620 cells treated with 5-AZA was significantly decreased(P<0. 05),and expression of VDR mRNA was significantly increased(P<0. 05). Conclusions:Expression of VDR in colorectal cancer is down-regulated and positively correlated with a favourable prognosis. Transcriptional repression of VDR in colorectal cancer is co-regulated by histone methylation and DNA methylation.

Objective To investigate the factors of hospitalization expense in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing non-emergency surgery.Methods A retrospective study included diabetic (109 cases) and control (162 cases) groups.Hospitalization expense and other observation indices were compared between two groups and subgroups.The factors that contribute to hospitalization expense were analyzed with multifactor regression analysis model.Results The median hospitalization expense was 12 014.74 yuan in the diabetic group,1.24 times than that in the control group (P =0.001).Diabetic group has higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification,longer wound healing time,higher postoperative infection rate,and longer hospital stay (P ＜ 0.01).Multifactor analysis revealed that the significant factors that influence the hospitalization expense were ASA classification (β =0.442,P =0.000),postoperative fasting plasma glucose (β =0.204,P =0.020),and postoperative infection (β =0.204,P =0.019).No significant difference was found in postoperative infection rate and hospitalization expense between two groups,when patients had received minimally invasive surgeries (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Type 2 diabetes patients have higher hospitalization expense;ASA classification,postoperative fasting plasma glucose,and postoperative infection are the main influence factors.Giving priority to minimally invasive surgeries and enhancing perioperative glucose control can help to reduce hospitalization expense in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective:To study the effect of Rhizoma Coptidis apozem on expression of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) in skeletal muscle of metabolic syndrome rats. Methods:The models were established by administering high fat diet. Rats were randomly divided into five group: normal control group, metabriolic syndome group, Rhizoma Coptidis apozem group, Berberine group, Metformin group. To estimate insulin resistance by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp(GC) tecchnique. To estimate expression of AMPK by using Western blot. Results: Compared with metabolic syndrome group, Rhizoma Coptidis apozem group had higher M-value, lower wet weight of innards fat, and higher protein level of p-AMPK-?. Conclusion: Rhizoma Coptidis apozem can improve insulin resistance, decrease innards fat, and regulate up expression of AMPK.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor that occurs in the bile duct epithelium,it is the second most common malignant tumor of the liver and bile duct after hepatocellular carcinoma.Imaging examination is an important method to detect bile duct cancer;the purpose of imaging is to determine the location of the tumor,and the extent of invasion and distant metastasis.Different imaging methods have their advantages and disadvantages,so they should be chosen based on the condition of patients,or be optimized as the combined detection.

Based on a description of the evolution,main reform practices and effects of public hospital payment system reforms,this paper focused on analyzing the existing problems found in the reforms.Such problems namely include lack of scientific and reasonable design of payment standards,lack of systemic and coordinated system reforms,and failure to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of medical workers to participate in the reforms,as well as other underlying causes.Based on such suggestions were put forward to promote public hospital payment system reforms,as negotiation of the payment standard between purchasers and providers,combined approaches in innovation in payment methods,advancing systemic payment system reform,and establishing a transmission mechanism of incentive to the medical personnel.