Objective To investigate the physical and mental health of Shandong medical personnel.Methods 3200 medical personnel were randomly selected from hospitals of Shandong province,selfhealth,depression and sense of work stress were measured and analyzed statistically.Results 36.3％ of medical staff was in depression state,and even about 22.5％ of the subjects was in moderate or severe depression state.Male and female medical staff showed no difference in sense of work pressure.Senior medical staff showed higher working pressure than middle-class,junior-class and low-level medical personnel,but middleclass,junior medical staff and low-level medical staff showed no significant difference.In the aspect of self-health status,male and female medical personnel showed no significant differences,senior,middle-class and junior-class medical staff reported worse self-health status than low-level medical personnel.Conclusions Managers should pay attention to physical and mental health of medical personnel,adopt pertinent measures to reduce their mental pressure in order to promote their physical and mental health.

Fairness, which is of special importance to health economy policies, has the following three major implications: fairness of the state of health, fairness of the delivery of health services and fairness of health fundraising. Traditional methods for measuring fairness include those of range, Lorentz curve, Jeany coefficient, difference index, and, for measuring unfairness, those of slope index, relative index and comprehensive curve. Recently WHO put forward 3 new fairness indexes and measurement methods, viz. measuring the fairness of residents health via the distribution index of child survival rate and disability adjusted life expectancy; measuring the fairness of the delivery of health services via reactivity; and measuring the fairness of health fundraising via the fairness and reasonableness index for the contributions of funds.

Methods of payment have always been a key part of health reform in various countries of the world. The paper gives a general account of the evolution of methods of payment for hospital care throughout the universe and the evolution and prospects of CP DRG. It expounds the necessity and viability of adopting CP DRG in China and suggests that we take the initiative in using the experience of other countries for reference, learn from other countries practice, speed up reform in methods of payment for hospital care, publish relevant policies, and reinforce theoretical and applied research on CP DRG.

Objective To analyze the effect of the new cooperative medical care on the use of outpatient services by rural residents so as to provide scientific basis for its improvement. Methods Using the stratified cluster sampling method, house-to-house surveys on the residents of Dongying via interviews were conducted both before and after the implementation of the new cooperative medical care. Results Although the two-week rate of seeking medical services by the rural residents after the implementation of the new cooperative medical care did not increase, changes did take place in the flow direction of the patients and the rate of seeking medical services at the end of two weeks took a downward turn. Fairness in the use of health services by the residents was enhanced. Conclusion The new cooperative medical care strongly guarantees rural patients' access to medical care.

Objective The turnover intention and the work states of the health technicians were investigated to analyze the influencing factors of turnover and the relationship between turnover intention and work state,to guide the health technicians who want to dimission to make a correct decision,and to make some suggestions to improve their work states.Methods Multistage stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to survey 2903 health workers on the job of all the county-level public hospitals in Shandong Province by the questionnaire of the Fourth National Health Services Survey.Analysis methods included Two Logistic classification regression and three evaluation methods based on two weights.Results 32.4 percent health technicians had turnover intention.The risk factors of the turnover intention were as follows:medical department,bad assessments of the practice environment,low degree of the diversity of job skills,small level of improving the individual's capacity,low degree of job satisfaction,high degree of job autonomy,high requirement for the expression of individual emotions,high working pressure,high job burnout.The higher turnover intentions were,the lower synthetical evaluation scores of the work states were.Conclusion The county hospitals ought to pay more attention to the health technicians with high tumover intention,and to guide the health technicians who want to dimission to make a correct decision,and to make some suggestions to improve their work states through having a heart-to-heart talk,training,and career planning,etc.

Objective:To explore the main economic and social factors influencing human health. Methods:By using the partial least squares(PLS) method and the panel data from areas of China in 2011, regression model related with economic social factors and human life expectancy was built. Results: Per capital GDP, the proportion of the tertiary industry, the number of people beyond college diploma per million people and the number of health technical personnel per 1 000 people has inverse relationshop with life expectancy;the proportion of medical costs accounted for fiscal expenditure, the ratio of fiscal deficit, rate of unemployment and Gini coefficient have reverse relationshop with life expectancy. Conclusion: To improve the level of human health, it needs to take comprehensive measures.

Objective: To explore the impact of regional economy on structure of total health expenditure. Methods: According to the panel data of China from 2002 to 2011, the partial least-squares regression method was used to build the relationship model of regional economy and total health expenditure construction. Results: Per capital GDP, the proportion of the tertiary industry, financial revenue per capita and urban residents disposable income have negative correlation with resident individual health expenditure, while the Engel coefficient has positive relationship with them. Conclusion: Optimizing industrial structure and raising the income of residents are the key factors of optimizing the structure of total health expenditure.

Objective To evaluate outcomes of the reform and recommend on risk avoidance.Methods The retrospective descriptive analysis was called into play to compare the surveillance data of the medical institutions before and after the reform.Results Significant changes have been identified in such key elements of the institutions as medical service,quality of care,efficiency,and costs.Improvements include effective release of the medical needs of patients,much higher efficiency of medical staff,shorter days of stay,and drug proportion,in addition to reasonable control of the total inpatient expenses,and further cutback of the patient's out-of-pocket burden.Conclusion With other factors excluded,the reform can benefit the patients and help medical institutions development,if risks are avoided and measures improved.

With accelerated population aging, traditional pension mode cannot adapt the diversified medical and nursing requirements of the elders. Therefore, it should reposition the function of medical service in pension career and encourage combining medical service with pension service. Through the methods of setting medical insti-tutions in pension institutions with conditions, developing social pension service in medical institutions, pension in-stitutions cooperating with medical institutions,both professional medical service and basic pension service would be offered to the elders, and thus to realize the integration of medical and nursing resources and to improve health con-dition of the elders.

Efficiency, one of the key principles of economic assessment in the health service sector, has three implications: technical efficiency, cost efficiency and allocation efficiency. The paper gives an account of the various interpretations of some relevant concepts and different assessment methods. The following methods are frequently used to measure technical efficiency: ratio analysis, CPD, comprehensive index, DEA, etc. Economic efficiency is measured by production function while CEA, CUA and CBA are used to assess cost result. The major indexes for assessing allocation efficiency include the proportion between medical and preventive services, the proportion between basic and non basic medical services and the flow direction of total health expenses.