Objective To evaluate the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and the relationship with hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α).Methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 10-12 weeks, weighing 220-260 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=18 each) using a random number table: sham operation group (group S), group I/R, dexmedetomidine group (group Dex) ,and rapamicyn + dexmedetomidine group (group Rpm+Dex).Renal I/R was produced by occlusion of bilateral renal pedicles for 35 min follow by reperfusion in anesthetized rats in I/R, Dex and Rpm+Dex groups.Bilateral renal pedicles were only exposed, and then the abdominal cavity was closed in group S.Dexdetomidine 50 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 30 min before I/R in group Dex.In group Rpm+Dex, rapamicyn 1.5 mg/kg and dexdetomidine 50 μg/kg were injected intraperitoneally, and renal I/R model was established 30 min later.Immediately after onset of reperfusion, and at 4 and 24 h of reperfusion (T1-3) , blood samples were collected from the caudal vein for measurement of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations.After blood sampling at T1-3, the rats were sacrificed, and the renal specimens were obtained for detection of HIF-1αt, erythropoietin (EPO) and mTOR expression by Western blot.Their kidneys were removed at T3, and cut into sections which were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined under microscope.Acute renal tubular necrosis was scored.The cell apoptosis in renal tissues was detected by TUNEL assay, and apoptosis index (AI) was calculated.Results Compared with group S,the concentrations of serum creatinine and BUN, expression of HIF-1α, EPO and mTOR at T2,3 , AI at T3 and acute renal tubular necrosis score were significantly increased in the other three groups (P＜ 0.05).Compared with group I/R, the concentrations of serum creatinine and BUN were significantly decreased, and the expression of HIF-1α, EPO and mTOR was up-regulated at T2,3 , and AI and acute renal tubular necrosis score were decreased in group Dex (P＜0.05) , and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group Rpm + Dex (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The mTOR signaling pathway is involved in dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of renal I/R injury, which may be related to dexmedetomidine-produced up-regulation of HIF-1α expression in renal tissues of rats.

Aim To find out the relationship between muscarinic receptor and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the probable differences between the four muscarinic receptor subtypes. Methods We transfected the plasmid encoding muscarinic receptor (including subtypes: M_1, M_2, M_3 and M_4) into PC12 cells. Then PC12 cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2), carbachol and other inhibitors such as atropine, LY294002 and PD98059. Results The results showed that activation of muscarinic receptor by carbachol protected PC12-M_1, PC12-M_2,PC12-M_3 and PC12-M_4 cells from apoptosis induced by H_2O_2. There was no statistical difference in the protective effect between these four muscarinic receptor subtypes. By using the inhibitors, we found that atropine and LY294002 blocked the protective effect of activation of muscarinic receptor on apoptosis induced by H_2O_2. Conclusion Activation of muscarinic receptor retarded the apoptosis induced by H_2O_2. There was no difference between the four muscarinic receptor subtypes. The protective effect was mainly mediated by the activation of muscarinic receptor and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K).

AIM: To clone the full-length of 75A EST. METHODS: After the extraction of total RNA from primary cultured rat cerebellar granule cell of 7DIV in the medium containing 25 mmol/L KCl, T_4 DNA ligase-mediated 5' RACE was used to retrieve 5' unknown sequence of 75A EST, and the first round 5' RACE PCR product was subcloned into pGEM-T easy vector for sequence and homogeneous analysis. RESULTS: The first round of 5' RACE produce a 2.5 kb band, and 75A EST was identified to be partial sequence of Neuron-derived orphan receptor (Nor1) gene. After two more rounds RACE, we firstly cloned the full-length of Nor-1 cDNA. CONCLUSION: T_4 DNA ligase mediated 5' RACE is an efficient method to retrieve information about the 5' termini of mRNAs, and lay a foundation for further study which role Nor1 play in the cerebellar granule cell differentiation or survive.

AIM: To Screen and identify differentially expressed genes that involved in apoptosis model in rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs).METHODS: The rat cerebellar granule neurons were isolated and primarily cultured. Fluorescent differential display RT-PCR (FDD RT-PCR) was performed to screen differentially expressed ESTs in the apoptosis model of primarily cultured rat CGNs. ESTs were subcloned into pGEM-T EasyTM vector and then sequenced. Alignment assay in non-redunant database was applied for encoding information. Reverse Northern blotting was used to appraise the results from DDRT-PCR.RESULTS: 164 pieces of differentially expressed ESTs were obtained by FDDRT-PCR. 17 of them were subcloned and sequenced. 5 ESTs of 17 were confirmed to be positive results by reverse Northern blotting. CONCLUSION: DD-PCR is a rapid, simple-operation and sensitive method for screening differentially expressed genes, which would contribute to the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis/survive of CGNs.

Objective To verify the targeting regulatory relationship between microRNA -939 (miR -939) and CD2 -associated protein (CD2AP).Methods The online RegRNA software was used to predict the human CD2AP promoter for potential binding sites complementary to miR -939.HEK -293T cells were cotransfected with hu-man CD2AP promoter plasmid pGL3 -2K and microRNA negative control (miR -NC)or miR -939 mimics,and the relative luciferase activity(RLA)was detected at 24 h post -transfection.HEK -293T cells were transfected with miR -NC or miR -939 mimics for 48 h,and the CD2AP mRNA expression level was detected by adopting reverse tran-script and real -time fluorescence quantification -PCR,while the CD2AP protein expression level was detected by using Western blot.Results (1 )There were 2 miR -939 binding sites at CD2AP promoter region,located at -468 to -491 and -654 to -677 upstream of initiation codon ATG (marked as +1 )relatively.(2)At 30 nmol/L,50 nmol/L,the RLA in miR -NC group and miR -939 group were 6.81 ±0.88 vs 6.07 ±2.24,5.88 ±1 .44 vs 3.94 ± 0.79 relatively,and there were no significant differences between the 2 groups (t =3.04,2.06,all P >0.05),while the RLA between the 2 groups were 5.58 ±0.58 vs 3.29 ±0.64 at 1 00 nmol/L,and the difference was significant between the 2 groups(t =4.07,P <0.05).(3)At 30 nmol/L,50 nmol/L and 100 nmol/L,the relative CD2AP mRNA expression in miR -NC group and miR -939 group were 1 .00 ±0.01 vs 0.80 ±0.08,1 .00 ±0.00 vs 0.80 ±0.1 3 and 1 .00 ± 0.00 vs 0.72 ±0.07 relatively,while the CD2AP mRNA expression was decreased by 20% -30% at each concentration level,and there were significant differences between the 2 groups (t =4.44,2.93,6.84,all P <0.05).(4)At 50 nmol/L, the relative CD2AP protein expression in miR -NC group and miR -939 group were 0.48 ±0.09 vs 0.19 ±0.12,and the CD2AP protein expression was decreased,and the difference was significant (t =3.36,P <0.05).Conclusions CD2AP is the target gene of miR -939,and miR -939 can down -regulate the expression of CD2AP both in mRNA and protein levels by targeting its promoter region,which indicates that miR -939 may mediate the podocyte injury.

Objective To study the mRNA expression levels and clinical significance of omsomucoid 1-like protein 3 (ORMDL3) gene in the peripheral blood of recurrent wheeze children under 3 years old.Methods Peripheral blood specimens of 25 recurrent wheeze children including 14 non-atopy patients (group A) and 11 atopy patients (group B) that were registered in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,from Sep.2010 to Sep.2012 were enrolled based on the inclusion criteria and 24 non-allergic controls(the children with food allergy,drug allergy or ectema was excepted).The mRNA expression levels of ORMDL3 gene were detected by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and clinical features were analyzed.Results The expression levels of ORMDL3 were up-regulated in the peripheral blood specimens of group B compared with group A (t =14.12,P ＜ 0.01).Compared with peripheral blood specimens from normal subjects,mRNA expression of ORMDL3 were significantly increased in recurrent wheeze children(t =10.29,5.73,P ＜0.01).The incidence of wheeze groups exist gender differences,male ＞ female.Wheeze usually with a high incidence in winter and spring.Conclusions The increase of ORMDL3 gene expression levels were correlated with recurrent wheeze under 3 years old especially in atopy group and may be involved in the pathogenesis of recurrent wheeze.

Objective To observe the blood biochemical and histological changes before and after pancreas freezing, to provide evidence for cryosurgery for pancreatic cancer. Methods Fifteen healthy pigs were divided into deep frozen group (n = 5), shallow frozen group (n = 5), non-frozen group (n = 3) and normal group (n = 2). After anesthesia and Iaparotomy, a probe of the Argon-Helium Surgical System was inserted into the pancreas, 100% and 10% argon output power were used in deep and shallow frozen group, respectively;and the temperature were - 130 ～ - 140℃ and - 110 ～ - 120℃, respectively;which results in an ice-ball with 15 ～ 20 mm in diameter. Then helium gas was inputted to increase the temperature to 10 ～ 20℃ for three minutes;then the whole process was repeated. A probe was inserted into the pancreas in the non-frozen group only and only laparotomy was performed in non-grozen group normal group and normal group. Serum amylase, IL-6, CRP levels before and after the experiment was determined;the pigs were sacrificed at day 7 and the pancreas was harvested for light microscope and electron microscope examination. Results The frozen pancreatic tissue became pitchy necrosis zone, and it could be distinguished from non-frozen tissue;there were obvious tissue necrosis in the center and para-center of frozen area, and the ultra-structure were destroyed and disappeared, mitochondria degranulation and rough endoplasmic reticulum degrannlation were observed. Serum amylase was elevated in 13 (86.7%) pigs and most returned to normal at 6th day. Serum IL-6 was slightly elevated in 5 (33.3%) pigs. There was no significant difference among all the groups in term of serum CRP. All the pigs were alive until the time of sacrifice. Conclusions Cryosurgery has affirmative fatal ablative effects on pancreatic tissue, and it is safe with no serious complications.

Objective To analyze the risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Methods The clinical data of 289 patients with PTMC from January 2013 to December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent thyroidectomy and thyroid isthmectomy/total thyroidectomy plus central (and lateral) cervical lymph node dissection. Results In 289 patients, postoperative pathology confirmed that the central lymph node metastasis was in 118 cases (40.8% ); 64 of them performed central and lateral cervical lymph node dissection, and the rate of lateral cervical lymph node metastasis was 42.2% (27/64). The smooth curve fitting chart showed that the risk of central cervical lymph node metastasis was significantly increased when the tumor diameter ＞ 6 mm. Univariate analysis result showed that central cervical lymph node metastasis was associated with gender, number of primary lesions, unilateral and bilateral tumor, capsule invasion, tumor diameter and Hashimoto thyroiditis (P<0.05 or＜0.01); multivariate Logistic regression analysis result showed that the tumor diameter>6 mm was the independent risk factor for central cervical lymph node metastasis ( OR = 2.036, 95% CI 1.160 - 3.573, P = 0.013). Univariate analysis result showed that lateral cervical lymph node dissection was associated with central cervical lymph node dissection (P<0.05); multivariate Logistic regression analysis result showed that central cervical lymph node dissection was the independent risk factor for lateral cervical lymph node dissection in patients with PTMC ( OR=9.630, 95% CI 1.150-80.628, P=0.037). Conclusions PTMC patients with central or lateral cervical lymph node metastasis is very common, and central lymph node metastasis risk increases significantly when tumor diameter > 6 mm; the risk of lateral cervical lymph node metastasis also significantly increases in patients with central cervical lymph node metastasis.

The Master of Public Health (MPH) is one of the internationally recognized ways of training professionals in the medical and health field. With the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, the need for talents who can serve the national public health emergency management system has accelerated. This article makes the comparison of public health education in China and the UK, starting from the reasons and advantages of medical education in two countries, selecting several universities with high rankings in public health in China and the UK as the research objects, collecting and summarizing their programme descriptions, from the enrollment mode, training objectives, cultivation mode and degree types, curriculum settings, etc., in the MPH programme descriptions in order to find the advantages of MPH education in the UK, which can be used for reference in the education and training of public health talents in China, and is of great significance for the improvement and optimization of MPH education in China.

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for constructing scientific and reasonable pharmaceutical service mode for hospitalized patients with chronic airway diseases. METHODS From October 2023 to March 2024， 250 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute exacerbation of asthma who were hospitalized in the respiratory department of Hebei General Hospital and received pharmaceutical care （PC） were randomly divided into control group （125 cases） and observation group （125 cases）. The control group received general pharmaceutical services throughout their hospitalization， while the observation group received standardized and graded pharmaceutical services throughout their hospitalization. The differences in clinical value indicators， humanistic value indicators， and quality management indicators were compared among different PC service models. RESULTS Among clinical value evaluation indicators， the observation group had better achievement rate of disease treatment goals， correct use score of inhalation devices， the incidence of adverse drug reactions， and the number of drug-related problems solved than the control group （P＜0.05）. Among the humanistic evaluation indicators， compared with the control group， the observation group had better medication compliance scores， pharmacist intervention success rates， and patient satisfaction scores （P＜0.05）. Among quality management evaluation indicators， the proportion of drug costs， the proportion of intravenous medication， the use rate of antibiotics， the intensity of antibiotic use， and the number of pharmaceutical services in the observation group were significantly better than the control group （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Standardized and graded pharmaceutical care services have improved the efficiency of pharmacists and service effectiveness， making it a new pharmaceutical service model worth promoting.