An ultra high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry ( UPLC-PAD-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of total 13 flavonols and flavonol glycosides in red onion which including 6 quercetin and its glycosides, 4 isorhamnetin and its glycosides, 3 Kaempferol and its glycosides. The chromatographic separation was carried out by used a UPLC HSS T3 column and eluted under gradient with mobile phases of acetonitrile and water both contained 0 . 1%formic acid at a flow rate of 0. 3 mL/min. The results showed that the major flavonols and flavonol glycosides in red onion were quercetin-4’-glucoside, quercetin-3, 4’-diglucoside, quercetin and Isorhamnetin-4’-glucoside. The amounts and distributions of flavonols and flavonol glycosides among different parts of red onion were different. For the same amount of dry materials, the content ratio of total flavonols and flavonol glycosides in the outer two layers, the third layer and the inner layer was 60. 3:33. 0:6. 7, the amount of quercitin and its glycosides accounts above 92. 1% of total flavonols and flavonol glycosides for each part. In the outer two layers, the amount of flavonol monoglycosides are the highest, in the third layer, the amount of flavonol aglycones were the highest, but in the inner layer, the amount of flavonol diglycosides were the highest. Small amounts of Kaempferol and its glycosides were found in red onion, and mostly were found in outer layers. This method is simple, fast, accurate and convenient, and can be used to analyze flavonols and flavonol glycosides in onion product.

AIM:To investigate the time course of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the effects of 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) on the expressions of NF-κB,interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in hippocampus after seizures. METHODS:Epilepsy were induced by kainic acid through cerebral ventricular injection. Western blotting was used to detect NF-κB p65 expression in nucleus at various experiment groups. Moreover,mRNA and protein expressions of IL-1β and COX-2 in different experiment groups were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. RESULTS:NF-κB p65 immunoreactivity began to increase in the nuclear fraction at 2 h (P<0.05),kept rising at 12 h (P<0.05) and returned to control level at 24 h after epilepsy seizures. Furthermore,3-AB sharply decreased the accumulation of NF-κB p65 in nucleus (P<0.05). In addition,3-AB significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expressions of IL-1β and COX-2 which obviously increased in hippocampus at 6 h after epilepsy seizures (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Seizures triggers NF-κB nucleus translocation and promotes the expressions of IL-1β and COX-2 in hippocampus. In addition,poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibition by 3-AB suppresses NF-κB associated inflammatory pathway in epileptic rat hippocampus.

AIM:To investigate the time course of nuclear factor-?B (NF-?B) and the effects of 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) on the expressions of NF-?B,interleukin-1? (IL-1?) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in hippocampus after seizures. METHODS:Epilepsy were induced by kainic acid through cerebral ventricular injection. Western blotting was used to detect NF-?B p65 expression in nucleus at various experiment groups. Moreover,mRNA and protein expressions of IL-1? and COX-2 in different experiment groups were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. RESULTS:NF-?B p65 immunoreactivity began to increase in the nuclear fraction at 2 h (P

As a part of our ongoing research program to isolate novel phragmalin limonoids from the stem bark of Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina, two new phragmalin limonoids orthesters, tabularin Q (1) and tabulalide O (4), along with two known compounds tabularin C (2) and tabularin H (3) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive 1D and 2D spectroscopic analyses which included HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY experiments and HR-ESI-MS.

Aim To investigate effects of Icariin in rats with acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol(ISO).Methods Icariin(12,6,3 mg?kg-1) was administrated through iv pathway for five days.Myocardial ischemia model of rats was induced by subcutaneous injection(sc) of ISO(30 mg?kg-1 for two days,once a day).The change of Electrocardiogram(ECG) was observed.The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA) and nitric oxide(NO)in serum were measured.Cardiac indexes(HW/BW and LVW/BW)and cardiac infarction area(IS/V%)were examined.Results Compared with the model group,Icariin(12,6,3 mg?kg-1) could effectively reverse the evident change of T wave and J point induced by isoproterenol,notably decrease the levels of LDH and MDA in the serum, distinctly increase the levels of SOD and NO in the serum(P

Objective To observe the effects of total flavones from Herba Epimedii(TFHE)on the experimental myocardial ischemia and hemorheology of animals.Methods The model of acute myocardial ischemia of rats was established with pituitrin and the model of acute blood stasis was established with high-molecular dextran.The effects of TFHE on the electrocardiogram J-point of acute myocardial ischemia model and the hemorheology of acute blood stasis model were observed.Besides these,the effects of TFHE on coaglutaion time in mice were observed.Results As compared with the model groups,high-,middle-,and low-dosage groups(24,12,and 6 mg/kg)of TFHE could obviously improve the abnormal electrocardiogram J-point of acute myocardial ischemia model,also could effectively prevent the ascending of whole blood viscosity(high-,middle-,and low-shear rate),packed erythrocyte volume,and fibrinogen.High-and low-dosage groups(34 and 17 mg/kg)of TFHE could obviously lengthen the coaglutaion time in mice.Conclusion The results suggest that TFHE possesses protective effects on ischemic myocardium,which may better hemorheology,decrease the whole blood viscosity,prevent blood from coagulating and improve the circulatation of coronary artery.

Objective:To study the quality standard of Ganyankang capsules. Methods:Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati,Radix As-tragali,Radix Pseudostellariae,Herba Scutellariae Barbatae,Oldenlandia diffusa willd,Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Radix Bupleuri in the preapartion were indentified by TLC,and emodin was determined by HPLC. Results:Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati,Radix Astra-gali,Radix Pseudostellariae,Herba Scutellariae Barbatae,Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Radix Bupleuri could be obviously identified by TLC. The content of emodin in the capsules was 2. 05 mg·g-1 . The linear relationship was good within the range of 2. 34-74. 88μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 4),and the average recovery was 100. 5% with RSD of 1. 52%(n=9). Conclusion:The quality standard is accurate and reliable,which can be used to control the quality of Ganyankang capsules.

Objective To evaluate protein kinase Cθ(PKCθ)for the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GIST).Methods The expression pattern of PKC θ was detected by immunohistochemistry in 121 GISTs,paired 51 distant normal tissues and 70 non-GIST sarcomas.Results Immunoreactivity for PKC θ was detected in 111 of 121 GIST cases,all eight CDll7-negative GISTs were PKC θ positive.PKC θ was negative in all distant normal tissue samples and 26 smooth muscle tumors.The positive expression rate of gastrointestinal mesenchemal tumors other than GIST was 18.2％.The expression rate of PKC θ did not vary with of tumor location,cell morphology and risk grades.Conclusions PKC θ could be a potential diagnotic marker in GIST patients,especially in those with negative CD117.

Objective · To understand boys' pubertal timing in school in two urban districts of Chongqing and explore the relationship between pubertal timing and physical activity or sleeping time. Methods · Using a stratified random cluster sampling, 3403 boy students (10-18 year-old) were selected and completed the physical examination and questionnaire survey. 1282 participants experiencing first spermatorrhea were chosen as research objects. According to age of first spermatorrhea, the objects were divided into on-time group (964 cases) and later group (318 cases). Results · The composition of weekly high (χ2=11.488, P=0.009), medium (χ2=7.829, P=0.050) physical activity and daily sleeping time (χ2=17.803, P=0.000) in two groups were significantly different. Controlling covariates (age, height and weight), compared with boys in on-time group, later group boys were less likely to engage in 5-7 days (OR=0.596, 95% CI: 0.367-0.967) and 3-4 days (OR=0.590, 95% CI: 0.370-0.941) high physical activity every week, and 9-11 h (OR=0.207, 95% CI: 0.088-0.489) sleep every day. Conclusion · The age of first spermatorrhea in boys might be associated with the intensity of weekly physical activity and daily sleeping time.