Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is the most common alkylating antineoplastic agent, as well as a strong immunosuppressant that is frequently applied to autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. It is metabolized by cytochrome P450 oxidases (CYPs) to its active metabolite which played a critical role in therapy. CPA has serious and even fatal side effects, and its efficacy and adverse reactions are significantly varied among individuals. In this review, the association of the genetic polymorphisms in the metabolic enzymes and transporters involved in the disposition of CPA with the efficacy and adverse effects of CPA were summarized, thereby providing fundamental reference for further pharmacogenomic study of CPA.

It is difficult to select the appropriate ventilation mode in clinical mechanical ventilation. This paper presents a nonlinear multi-compartment lung model to solve the difficulty. The purpose is to optimize respiratory airflow patterns and get the minimum of the work of inspiratory phrase and lung volume acceleration, minimum of the elastic potential energy and rapidity of airflow rate changes of expiratory phrase. Sigmoidal function is used to smooth the respiratory function of nonlinear equations. The equations are established to solve nonlinear boundary conditions BVP, and finally the problem was solved with gradient descent method. Experimental results showed that lung volume and the rate of airflow after optimization had good sensitivity and convergence speed. The results provide a theoretical basis for the development of multivariable controller monitoring critically ill mechanically ventilated patients.
Exhalation ; Humans ; Lung ; physiology ; Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; Respiration ; Respiration, Artificial ; Tidal Volume

Objective To explore artifactual responses of auditory steady-state reponses (ASSRs) to bone-conduction stimuli.Methods The present study involved a group of subjects,aged between 5 to 39 months,with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing losse.Recorded were the reponses to multiple bone-conducted 0.5,1,2,4 kHz tone pips repeated at the rates of 77～101 Hz.All the subjects were sedated by Hydrate Chloride during the testing.Results Artifactual ASSRs were seen at 115 and 100.5 dB (re:1?N) (The above levels are equivalent to around 60 dB HL) at 1 and 4 kHz.No artifactual responses were recorded at 0.5 and 2 kHz stimuli at the maximum output level.Conclusion Bone-conducted hearing loss greater than moderate can not be tested reliablely due to artifactual responses and lower maximum output level than that of air conduction.

Objective To observe the substance P(SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) expressions in the temporomandibular joints(TM J) of the rats undergone emotional stress and explore the relationship between emotional stress and temporomandibular joint disorder(TMD). Methods Ninety SD rats were averagely randomly divided into emotional stress ( ES ) group( n = 30 ), electric foot-shocked (FS) group ( n = 30 ) and control (CON) group( n = 30). The emotional stress was induced by communication box. The TMJ tissues in ES and CON groups were removed after 1, 3 and 5 weeks of emotional stress for scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) test and immunohistochemistry test. The SP and CGRP expressions were examined with SABC immunohistochemistry and then analyzed by image analysis system. Results The expressions of SP and CGRP had significant difference after 1 ,3 and 5 weeks emotional stress ( SP: 124.5 ± 16.9,185.6 ± 1.8 and 193.5 ± 3.5, respectively; CGRP: 185.9 ±5.3, 112.5 ±5.2 and 174.3 ±5.3 ,respectively) (P＜0. 05 ). The SEM results showed that there was a series of structural change on the condylar surface after emotional stress. Conclusion The SP and CGRP energy nerve fibers take part in the TMJ pathological process undergone emotional stress.

Objective To investigate the value of multipoint and multidirectional ultrasound-guided fineneedle aspiration cytology (US-FNAC) in preoperative diagnosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).Methods From Jan.2012 to Jan.2013,multipoint and multidirectional US-FNAC were performed in 177 patients with 233 nodules suspected as PTMC,and the cytopathological findings were compared with surgical pathological results and clinical follow-up results.Results Of the 233 biopsies,the cytology were classified as malignant for 146 lesions,suspicious for malignancy for 43 lesions,benign for 24 lesions,follicular lesions for 4 lesions and inadequate sample for 16 lesions.After the second multipoint and multidirectional US-FNAC,only 1 case did not have sufficient cells for diagnosis,and the puncture failure rate was 0.43％.Actually there were 189 malignant and 44 benign lesions confirmed by clinical follow-up and pathological results.The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of multipoint and multidirectional US-FNAC was 99.5％,81.8％ and 96.1％ respectively.Conclusions Multipoint and multidirectional US-FNAC has definite value in increasing puncture qualified rate and positive diagnosis rate before operation.

OBJECTIVE： To analyze the trend of costs of various drugs consumed in hospitals of Guangzhou METHODS： The data were derived from the Hospital Purchasing of Drug Information System in Guangzhou from 1997 to 2000 The expense of each drug was calculated at the price of that year RESULTS： The annual increasing rates of drug expenses in 1998， 1999 and 2000 were 17 01％ ， 24 49％ ， 23 11％ respectively CONCLUSION： It is a matter of great urgency to rationally use drugs， to eliminate the waste of resources and to lighten the patients'burden

Objective To investigate the contribution of Cystatin C to the preoperative diagnosis and clinical therapy of gastroenteric tumor.Methods Using surgical materials from patients with stomach, colon and rectum cancer, immunohistochemisty, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting analysis were performed with antibodies against Cystatin C.Cystatin C of the cancerous and paired noncancerous lesions were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results (1)Immunohistochemical staining of Cystatin C was evident expression in cancer cells and associated stromal tissues, this was not the case in paired noncancerous tissues,there were also statistical relationship between the expression of Cystatin C in cancerous and that in noncancerous tissues (?~2=6.825,P

AIM:To establish HPLC fingerprint for controlling the quality of Rubus chingii Hu. METHODS: Analysis was performed on Alltech C_(18) column(250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m)with a mixture of acetonitrile and water as mobile phase in gradient mode,flow rate was 1.0 mL/min,wavelength at 211 nm. RESULTS: There were 15 common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints of Rubus chingii Hu.The RSD of precision and reproducibility lay within 5%. CONCLUSION: The method has good sensitivity and repeatability.This chromatographic fingerprint method can be used to controll the quality of Rubus chingii Hu.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the trend of costs of various drugs consumed in hospitals of Guangzhou METHODS:The data were derived from the Hospital Purchasing of Drug Information System in Guangzhou from 1997 to 2000 The expense of each drug was calculated at the price of that year RESULTS:The annual increasing rates of drug expenses in 1998,1999 and 2000 were 17 01%,24 49%,23 11% respectively CONCLUSION:It is a matter of great urgency to rationally use drugs,to eliminate the waste of resources and to lighten the patients'burden

Objective To investigate the correlation between capsule endoscopy Crohn′s disease activity index (CECDAI ) , capsule endoscopy Lewis score , simplified Crohn′s disease activity index (sCDAI) ,C reactive protein (CRP) ,erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and Crohn′s disease (CD) activity .Methods From April 2009 to April 2014 , 120 patients having received capsule endoscopy examination and diagnosed as CD were collected . The data of CRP and ESR were analyzed . The CD severity was scored by CECDAI ,Lewis score and sCDAI .Spearman correlation was performed to analyze the correlation between CECDAI ,Lewis score ,sCDAI ,CRP and ESR .Results Among all the patients , CECDAI had a good correlation with Lewis score (r=0 .645 , P< 0 .01) and also was correlated with sCDAI (r=0 .190 , P< 0 .05) ,CRP and ESR (r= 0 .315 and 0 .393 ,both P< 0 .01) .However ,the Lewis score was not correlated with sCDAI ,CRP and ESR (r=0 .052 ,0 .041 and 0 .021 ,all P>0 .05) . sCDAI had a good correlation with CRP and ESR (r=0 .438 and 0 .429 ,both P<0 .01) .Among patients whose capsule endoscope failed to pass through the whole small intestinal ,the CECDAI had no significant correlation with sCDAI ,CRP and ESR (r=0 .126 ,0 .181 and 0 .269 ,all P>0 .05) .Conclusions Lewis score ,sCDAI ,CRP and ESR can reflect disease activity of CD patients in a certain degree .CECDAI is the most suitable index in evaluating the disease activity of CD patients .Therefore ,it is necessary to attach importance to capsule endoscopy examination .