Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a cluster with over 200 bp in length and has no protein-encoding product RNA, which is in-volved in cellular physiological or pathological process, especially in human oncogenesis. HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), which is 2158 bp in length, is one of the most well-studied lncRNAs. Overexpression of HOTAIR is correlated with oncogenesis or me-tastasis in numerous epithelium original human cancers, including breast and colorectal cancers. Inhibiting HOTAIR expression could suppress cell growth and invasive ability of tumors. This review provides a brief summary of the latest progress in lncRNA-based can-cer research.

BACKGROUND: Telomerase can maintain the telomere length and avoid cel replicative senescence and apoptosis in somatic cells. Its catalytic subunit cal ed telomerase reverse transcriptase has roles in mediating cellsurvival and anti-apoptotic functions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of human telomerase reverse transcriptase on amyloid β1-40-induced human embryonic cortical neurons injury. METHODS: Human cortical neurons derived from 12-16 weeks old aborted fetuses were transfected with recombinant adenovirus vector encoding human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase was evaluated by immunocytochemical staining. Telomerase activity was measured using a PCR-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Human embryonic cortical neurons were treated with 10 μmol/L ol/L amyloid β1-40 after transfected for 3 days. Cel viability, reactive oxygen species levels and glutathione contents in human embryonic cortical neurons were respectively detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and chromatometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase reached peak at 3 days after transfection, and the telomerase activity was rebuilt; 10 μmol/L amyloid β1-40 could significantly reduce the cel viability of neurons and glutathione content (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and increase the reactive oxygen species levels (P < 0.05). The neurons transfected with human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene could be significantly against the toxicity of amyloid β1-40 and increase the cel viability and glutathione content (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and decrease the reactive oxygen species levels (P < 0.05). The results indicate that human telomerase reverse transcriptase can protect amyloid β1-40-induced human embryonic cortical neurons injury

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin(TP) combined with radiotherapy and clinical security in advanced local cervical cancer. Methods After informed consent,80 patients with cervical canco were studied prospectively,and divided into TP combined with radiotherapy group(40 cases,observation group) ,and surgery group(40 cases,control group). The clinical effect and adverse reactions were analyzed. Results Total effective rate in study group was 80. 0% ,50. 0% in control group,the difference showed statistical significance(x2 =3.47,P ＜0.05).The transfer rate of pelvis lymph node was 5. 0% in observation group,22. 5% in control group, the difference showed statistical significance( x2 = 4. 78 ,P ＜ 0. 05). The difference of adverse reactions between two groups showed no statistical significance( P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusion Clinical effect of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin combined with radiotherapy was obvious in advanced local cervical cancer patients,with little side effect,and could be applied to clinical practice.

Background The establishment of chronic ocular hypertension is a basis for the research of glaucoma.Previous laser photocoagulation method to establish ocular hypertension model showed obvious fluctuation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and complications and need repeatedly photocoagulation.Improvement of modeling method is of important significance for glaucoma.Objective This study was to establish chronic ocular hypertension rat models by transgoniscope laser photocoagulation to trabecular meshwork and to compare this method with previous translimbal laser photocoagulation.Methods Thirty-six 8 to 12-week-old clean grade Fischer344 rats were collected and divided into normal control group,translimbal laser photocoagulation group and transgoniscope laser photocoagulation group,12 rats for each group.Five hundred and thirty-two nm YAG laser was used to photocoagulate trabecular meshwork translimbally in the right eyes of rats in the translimbal laser photocoagulation group,with the laser power 440-500 mW and spots 40-60,and the photocoagulation was perfored transgoniscopely in the right eyes of rats in the transgoniscope laser photocoagulation group,with the laser power 800-850 mW and spots 100-120.IOP was measured by using Tonolab tonometer in all the rats after modeling.The rats were sacrificed 3 weeks after modeling and retinas were isolated,the Tuj-1 positive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were counted by immunofluorescence technology.The use and care of the animals followed the Statement of ARVO.Results The successful rate of establishement of models was 75％ in the translimbal laser photocoagulation group and 100％ in the transgoniscope laser photocoagulation group.The mean IOP was (11.0±1.3),(23.4±12.6) and (25.3± 4.9) mmHg,and the peak IOP was (12.3 ± 1.0),(50.5 ± 7.3) and (44.3 ± 12.3) mmHg in the normal control group,transgoniscope laser photocoagulation group and translimbal laser photocoagulation group,respectively,with significant differences among the groups (F=25.496,80.762,both at P＜0.001),and the mean IOP was significantly higher in the transgoniscope laser photocoagulation group and translimbal laser photocoagulation group than that in the normal control group (all at P＜0.001),and no significant differences in the mean and peak IOP between transgoniscope laser photocoagulation group and translimbal laser photocoagulation group (P=1.000,P=0.195).The numbers of Tuj-1 positive RGCs in the retinas were (2 048.2± 148.5),(645.2 ± 177.1) and (1 223.7 ± 148.6)/mm2 in the normal control group,transgoniscope laser photocoagulation group and translimbal laser photocoagulation group,showing a significant difference among the groups (F=98.767,P＜0.001).The number of Tuj-1 positive RGCs was considerably reduced in the transgoniscope laser photocoagulation group and translimbal laser photocoagulation group compared with the normal control group and the number of Tuj-1 postive RGCs was low in the translimbal laser photocoagulation group compared with the transgoniscope laser photocoagulation group (all at P＜0.001).Conclusions Transgoniscope laser photocoagulation targeting trabecular meshwork can induce chronic ocular hypertension and RGCs losing.However,its pattern is different from translimbal laser photocoagulation.Transgoniscope laser photocoagulation has a higher successful rate of chronic ocular hypertention than that of translimbal laser photocoagulation.

AIM: To investigate the effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 ( BMP-7 ) on the expression of transcription factor E2A and inhibitor of differentiation 2 (Id2) in the renal tubule epithelial cells(NRK-52E)exposed to high glucose, and to explore its possible mechanism of improving renal tubular fibrosis induced by high glucose.METH-ODS:The NRK-52E cells were divided into control group, high glucose (HG) group and high glucose with different doses of BMP-7 (10μg/L and 20μg/L) group.The cells in HG group and BMP-7 group were cultured for 12 h, 24 h and 48 h. The protein expression of Id2, E2A, E-cadherin,α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen-I was detected by Western blot.In addition, the mRNA expression of Id2 was detected by real-time PCR.RESULTS:Compared with control group, the mRNA and protein levels of Id2 and the protein level of E-cadherin were down-regulated, while the protein levels of E2A,α-SMA and collagen-I were up-regulated in HG group (P<0.05).Compared with HG group, the mRNA and pro-tein levels of Id2 and the protein level of E-cadherin were significantly up-regulated, while the protein expression of E2A,α-SMA and collagen-I was significantly down-regulated in 20 μg/L BMP-7 group ( P<0.05 ) .The correlation analysis showed that the Id2 protein level was negatively correlated with the E2A protein level (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:BMP-7 may intercept the process of renal tubule fibrosis induced by high glucose via promoting the expression of Id2 and inhibi-ting the expression of E2A at protein level.

Objective To explore the mechanism for the increase in reactive oxygen species regulated by p47phox of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunit in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after oxygen therapy in premature infants.Methods According to different volume fractions of oxygen,premature infants less than 32 weeks were divided into 3 groups:fractional concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ＜ 30％ was low concentration oxygen group,FiO2 between 30％ and 40％ as middle concentration oxygen group,and FiO2 ＞ 40％ as high concentration oxygen group.Premature infants less than 32 weeks without oxygen was control group.After 48 h,3 mL blood was collected via radial artery from each group,PBMCs and serum were separated.Then intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by confocal laser scanning microscopy,malondialdehyde (MDA) within serum by thiobarbituric acid colorimetric,and the location and activation rate of p47phox through immunofluorescence.Results After premature infants were exposed to oxygen,as the oxygen volume fraction was increasing,ROS and MDA gradually rised.More PBMCs with p47phox translocated to membrane,then the translocation rate of p47phox also increased.Compared with the control group,ROS were significantly higher(q =4.48,6.5,16.22,all P ＜ 0.05) among the other 3 groups ; MDA significantly increased as well(q =5.08,8.22,12.76,all P ＜ 0.05) ; the activation rate of p47phox also had significant differences (x2 =134.008,P ＜ 0.05);compared with the middle concentration oxygen group,the high concentration oxygen group had higher ROS and MDA(q =15.03,4.53,all P ＜ 0.05) ; the activation rate of p47phox increased significantly(x2 =19.26,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions After oxygen exposure,p47phox translocated to membrane may regulate the NADPH oxidase-derived ROS increase in extremely premature infants.

Objective To investigate the influence of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR in proliferation and apoptosis of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Methods siHOTAIR was used to inhibit the HOTAIR expression in Tb3.1 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. The experiments were divided into siHOTAIR group, nonsense sequence group and blank control group. Real-time PCR was used to detect the HOTAIR expression. MTT assay was employed to determine the cell survival. The expression levels of Bcl2, BAX, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 were examined by Western blot assay. Tb3.1 xenograft tumor model was established in BALB/c nude mice, and the tumor model was divided into control group, negative group, and siHOTAIR treated group. The tumor tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry stain (IHC) and TUNEL assay. Results The detection of real-time PCR showed that HOTAIR expression was reduced after treated with siHOTAIR. Western blots assay showed that Bcl-2 protein was suppressed while cleaved caspase-3 and BAX protein were up-regulated after treated with siHOTAIR. MTT assay indicated that the cell survival rate was significantly reduced in siHOTAIR treated group. Flow cytometry detected that apoptosis levels were increased in siHOTAIR group. The level of cell senescence was higher in the siHOTAIR group than that of control group. Results of IHC indicated that Ki-67 and Bcl-2 protein of tumor tissue were inhibited, while BAX and cleaved caspase-3protein expressions were elevated simultaneously in the siHOTAIR group. TUNEL assay suggested that more apoptosis was observed in siHOTAIR group. Conclusion HOTAIR can affect proliferation and apoptosis of tongue squamous cancer cells. HOTAIR may be one of the new candidate targets for human tongue cancer therapy.

Objective To analyze the CT characteristics of chronic schistosomiasis liver disease,in order to improve the accuracy of CT diagnosis for the disease.Methods We analyzed the CT features of 125 cases of clinical pathology diagnosis of chronic schistosomiasis liver and of 50 normal control group,and measured the hepatic lobe lines and spleen index.Results (1) Schistosoma calcification:In 125 cases,there were 120 patients with varying degrees of liver calcification,in which 76 cases of intrahepatic or subcapsularlinear calcification,44 cases of reticular or map-like calcification,33 cases of calcification portal system,15 cases of spleen calcification,85 cases of intestinal wall calcification;(2) Morphological changes of the liver and spleen:The transverse diameter of the left hepatic lobe,caudate lobe,and caudate lobe-right lobe ratio were larger in patients with chronic schistosomiasis than controls,the transverse diameter of the right hepatic lobe were smaller and there were statistically difference (P＜0.001).There were 82 cases of expanded gallbladder fossa in chronic schistosomiasis.Splenic index in patients with chronic schistosomiasis and had no obvious difference in the control group (P＞0.05);(3) Schistosomiasis liver's complications:there were 43 cases of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis,11 cases of liver cancer,5 cases of colon cancer,3 cases of bladder cancer.Conclusion Intrahepatic calcification and the left hepatic lobe and caudate lobe enlargement are CT signs of chronic schistosomiasis,which is often merged with many complications.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) and lateral neck lymph node me-tastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) patients, and to analyze the importance of high resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis of lateral neck lymph node metastasis in PTMC patients. Methods:A retrospective protocol was applied, and a total of 1 037 PTMC patients were reviewed. These patients underwent central lymph node dissection or thyroidectomy with lateral neck lymph node dissection between January and November in 2013 in the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. Clinicopathological factors, namely, age, sex, primary tumor size, multifocality, bilateralism, thyroid capsular invasion, and local invasion, were analyzed. Results: CLNMs were found in 332 of 1037 patients (32.0%), and 71 out of 1037 patients had lateral neck lymph node metastasis (6.85%). In the univariate analysis, patients with the following risk factors were at high risk of CLNM (P<0.05):male, aged≤45 years old, with primary tumor size of>5 mm, multifocality, bilateralism, thyroid capsular invasion, and local invasion. Male patients with cen-tral lymph node metastasis positively showed high lateral neck lymph node metastasis rate (P<0.05) according to high-resolution ultra-sonography diagnosis. The rate of lateral neck lymph node metastasis increased with increasing number of central lymph node metasta-ses. The sensitivity and specificity of high resolution ultrasonography for lateral neck lymph node metastasis were 92.96%and 81.48%in PTMC patients.Conclusion:Prophylactic central compartment lymph node dissection needs to be performed in patients with CLNM risk factors (i.e., male, aged≤45 years old, primary tumor size of>5 mm, multifocality, bilateralism, thyroid capsular invasion, and lo-cal invasion). The importance of high-resolution ultrasonography in diagnosing lateral neck lymph node metastasis was revealed by the results. Thus, this method should be widely popularized. Radical neck dissection should be performed in male patients who received a positive diagnosis via ultrasonography or those with PTMC who had more than three positive nodes in the central lymph node metasta-sis. However, given the high occurrence rate of PTMC, a prospective study needs to be conducted in the future.

Objective To investigate the effect of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3(STAT-3)on sen-sitizing oral squamous cell carcinoma to cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum via downregulating miRNA-21. Methods Tscca and Tca8113P160 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines were employed in this study. WP1066 was used to suppress STAT-3 signaling pathway. Cells were divided into three groups:dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) group, cis-dichlorodiamine-platinum (DDP) group and WP1066+DDP group. Transcription level of miR-21 was assessed by real-time PCR, while the expression levels of STAT-3, p-STAT-3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) and matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9 ) were evaluated by Western blot assay. Matrigel matrix and transwell assay were used to determine cancer cell colony formation and invasive ability respectively. Expression level of miR-21 was examined by luciferase reporter gene as-say. Results Expression levels of STAT-3, pSTAT-3 and miR-21 were significantly suppressed by WP1066 treatment. The diameters of culture colony in cells treated with WP1066 and DDP were smaller than those in control group. The number of tongue cancer cells that migrated through the transwell membrane in WP1066 and DDP treated group was less than that in control group. Additionally, MMP-2/9 expression decreased while TIMP-3 increased dramatically in both cell lines in WP1066+DPP group compared to the other two groups. Conclusion Reduction of STAT-3 can sensitize oral squamous cell carcinoma to cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum via downregulating miR-21. Our study shows that DDP, in combination with WP1066, might be used as a potential target in the treatment of human oral squamous cell cancer.