After birth,premature infants have greater nutritional needs,because of decreased intrauterine nutrient deposition,immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract (GI),and medical conditions such as hypoxia,acidosis and surgery.In order to reach the optimal growth rate,continual reassessment and delivery of adequate energy and nutritional support are imperative.We suggest initiating enteral feeding in the first few days after birth to prime the GI in the premature infant,and then gradually achieve full enteral feedings when clinical condition is stable.Many signs may suggest feeding intolerance.Clinicians should composite these factors to determine.The use of drugs such as erythromycin to treat feeding intolerance in premature infants needs to be clarified.

Objective To investigate the relationship between anti-HCV antibody level and hepatitis C virus genotype in the patients.Methods Total of 603 anti-HCV positive serum samples were collected during 2013 to 2014 by retrospective research method.HCV RNA were detected in anti-HCV positive samples by repeat test and the genotype were detected in HCV RNA positive samples.The distribution of anti-HCV level in different hepatitis C genotype patients was analyzed and the body's response to viral antibodies and viral genotype correlation with anti-HCV concentration interquartile range was explored.Rates among genotype groups were compared using chi-square test.Results Totally 412 of 603 (68.33％) samples were anti-HCV positive by double reagent screening.174(42.3％) samples were detected as HCV RNA positive.The distributions of different anti-HCV level in different genotype patients were 1a(n =8) 1/8,1/8,4/8,2/8;1b(n =112)25.9％ (29/112),17.0％ (19/112),25.9％ (29/112),31.3％ (35/112);2a(n =14)3/14,4/14,5/14,2/14;3a(n =11)3/11,6/11,2/11,0/11;3b(n =16)4/16,11/16,1/16,0/16;6a(n =8)2/8,2/8,1/8,3/8 with anti-HCV concentration interquartile range respectively.The anti-HCV concentration distribution was different in patients with different HCV genotypes.The anti-HCV concentration distribution in patients of 1 b,2a and 6a genotypes were evently,while anti-HCV level was relatively high in 1a (13.65) and relatively low in 3b (8.77).There were differences in different genotypes of antibody concentrations (x2 =35.2,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions There was correlation between anti-HCV level and HCV genotype.Because there were fewer cases in some genotypes,it was necessary to investigate more samples to corfirm the above results.

Objective To explore the inner feelings of gestational diabetes at their primary use of the real-time blood glucose monitoring. Method Using the qualitative method, 10 gestational diabetic patients monitored their blood glucose using the real-time blood glucose monitoring for the first time and then were interviewed, the acquired results treated with phenomenological analysis. Result The inner feelings of the 10 patients were summarized including 5 themes:worry about the safety of the fetus, fear on alarming at monitoring, different views on four times input of finger blood glucose values, worry about inaccuracy in blood glucose monitoring data, changes in mental conditions and diets. Conclusion Health care workers should provide the gestational diabetic patients with targeted care strategies based on presence of psychological status and knowledge needs so as to improve their compliance, reduce the psychological burden of patients and control their blood glucose level.

The in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer technique has been widely applied in human insemination. The rate of successful insemination is gradual y rising, and the in-vitro fertilization directly determine the insemination outcome.
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the difference between the two common using insemination methods, microdrop and open, in in-vitro fertilization and embryo development.
METHODS:A randomized study was conducted to compare microdrop and open insemination methods among non-male factor patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. A total of 1 175 cases were enrol ed in the research. There were 573 cases in the microdrop group, and 602 cases in open insemination group. The fertilization rate and embryo development in the two groups were compared.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The fertilization failure rate [total fertilization failure rate+low fertilization rate (<25%oocytes fertilized)] in the microdrop insemination group was higher than in the open insemination group (11.9%, 3.3%, P<0.001), while the good quality embryo rate and pregnancy rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (al P>0.05). The open insemination method is a simple insemination method with a lower fertilization failure rate. As the fertilization is a highly complicated process involving many extrinsic and intrinsic factors, further study is needed to confirm the effects of the two insemination methods on in-vitro fertilization outcome.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of intestinal microbiota in neonates on the first and third day after birth.Methods A total of 50 healthy singleton neonates who were born between June 15,2016 and August 3,2016 in Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital were enrolled.Their stool samples were collected on the first and third day after birth and the samples were labeled according to the time of collection (D1 and D3 groups,n=50 each).Illumina NexSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used to sequence the variable region 4 and 5 of all bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the samples.The composition of intestinal microbial communities was determined and the differences between the two groups were compared by Metastats analysis.Results (1) A total of 100 stool samples were sequenced and the retrieved sequences were from 25 bacterial phyla,119 families,227 genera and 159 species.(2) Major phyla in the two groups were the same,namely,Proteobacteria,Frimicutes,Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria.The relative abundances of Frimicutes (0.27 ± 0.03 vs 0.41 ± 0.05) and Bacteroidetes (0.07 ± 0.01 vs 0.09 ± 0.03) increased over time,while that of Actinobacteria (0.10±0.01 vs 0.01 ±0.00) decreased on day 3.No significant difference in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (0.51 ±0.03 vs 0.49± 0.05) was observed between D1 and D3 groups.There were significant difference in relative abundances of Frimicutes and Actinobacteria between the two groups (both q=-0.01,both P＜0.05).(3) Among the top ten most abundant families,Enterobacteriaceae,Staphylococcaceae,Enterococcaceae,Streptococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae were detected in both of the two groups.The relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae (0.25 ± 0.02 vs 0.46 ± 0.06),Staphylococcaceae (0.07 ± 0.02 vs 0.12 ± 0.03),Enterococcaceae (0.04±0.02 vs 0.10±0.04),Streptococcaceae (0.03 ±0.02 vs 0.06±0.01) increased over time,while that of Lachnospiraceae (0.03 ± 0.01 vs 0.02 ± 0.02) decreased on day 3.Only the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae had statistical difference between the two groups (q=0.00,P＜0.05).(4) Among the top ten most abundant genera,Staphylococcus,Enterococcus,Streptococcus,Bacteroides and Pseudomonas were detected in both groups.The relative abundances of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria which belonged to genera of Stenotrophomonas,Propionibacterium,Acinetobacter,Bacillus,Sphingomonas and so on decreased on day 3 as compared with those on day 1 (0.00±0.00 vs 0.07±0.02,0.00±0.00 vs 0.06±0.01,0.00±0.00 vs 0.03±0.01,0.00±0.00 vs 0.02±0.01,0.00±0.00 vs 0.02±0.00,all q=0.00,all P＜0.05).However,the relative abundances of anaerobic bacteria which belonged to Bacteroides,Veillonella,Parabacteroides and so on increased on day 3 (0.01 ±0.00 vs 0.08±0.03,0.00±0.00 vs 0.03±0.02,0.00±0.00 vs 0.01 ±0.00,q=0.01,0.01 and 0.00,all P＜0.05).(5) The most abundant species in intestinal microbiota was escherichia coli in both groups.Three less abundant species including lactobacillus gasseri,lactobacillus animalis and bifidobacterium bifidum were detected in both groups.(6) Regardless of the mode of delivery,Staphylococcus,was the highest predominant genera in meconium samples,followed by stenotrophomonas.Stool samples collected on the third day after birth were divided into four groups based on deliver modes and feeding patterns.Neonates who were born abdominally with exclusive breastfed thereafter were different from those of the other three groups in predominant intestinal bacteria,but the difference was not statistically significant.Bifidobacterium and Subdoligranulum were only detected in the vaginally born neonates.Conclusions Meconium is not sterile.Although the intestinal microbiota on the first day of life is different from that on the third day of life,the dominant bacteria are common.During the first three days of life,the relative abundances of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria decreased significantly over time,while the relative abundance of anaerobic bacteria increased.

In the development of researched experiment teaching,we constructed favorable atmosphere by establishing innovation idea and construction pattern,emphasizing the integration of teaching content,scientific research and society practice,the innovation of establishing experiment staff scientifically and systemically.

This paper presents a preliminary study of rabbit experiment modality incorporating a new indicator for evaluating cardiac function changes, providing a basis for subsequent study of cardiac fatigue. Using only biochemical indicators, such as troponins, is difficult to make a distinction between exercise-induced cardiac fatigue (EICF) and exercise-induced cardiac damage (EICD). Therefore, some new indicators are needed to evaluate cardiac fatigue synthetically. In our study, we used New Zealand white rabbits to conduct a multi-step swimming experiments with load. We made the rabbits reach an exhaustive state to evaluate whether the amplitude ratio of the first to second heart sound (S1/S2) and heart rate (HR) during the exhaustive exercise would be decreased and whether they would be able to recover after the exhaustive exercise for 24 hours. During the first phase of swimming, S1/S2 and HR were increased, and then decreased at exhaustive state. They were recovered after the exhaustive exercise for 24 hours. Overloading led to deaths of three rabbis, and new phenomena from overloading and related to this kind of death were observed. The experiments proved that Multi-steps swimming experiments with loads by using New Zealand white rabbit is useful for studying cardiac fatigue and premonition of sudden cardiac death.
Animals ; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Female ; Heart ; physiology ; Heart Rate ; physiology ; Male ; Muscle Fatigue ; physiology ; Myocardial Contraction ; physiology ; Myocardium ; chemistry ; Physical Endurance ; physiology ; Rabbits ; Stress, Physiological ; physiology ; Swimming

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of rhTNF-alpha on human sperm mitochondrial function and motility in vitro.

METHODSFifty-six semen samples collected by masturbation were analyzed according to WHO protocols. Semen samples from 40 healthy men were prepared using Percoll centrifugation. Sperm suspension was diluted to a concentration of 10 x 10(6)/ml in Ham's F10 medium. Sperm samples were incubated with rhTNF-alpha solution (final concentration 0.03 microg/L, 0.06 microg/L, 0.09 microg/L and 0.27 microg/L, respectively) for 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h and 4 h at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2, and comparative studies were made with a control group. Ten microl sperm samples were examined with CASA technique, 250 microl stained in the presence of 10 microg/ml Rh123 and PI, and mitochondrial function analyzed by flow cytometry.

RESULTSSignificant differences were found between the experimental groups (final concentration 0.06 microg/L, 0.09 microg/L and 0.27 microg/L) and the control group in viability, straight line velocity, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, progressive motility of human sperm and the number of spermatozoa with normal mitochondrial function (P < 0.01) except the final concentration 0.03 microg/L group (P > 0.05). Motility of human sperm lowered with the increase of rhTNF-alpha concentration and incubation time, and r values were 0.675, 0.691, 0.762, 0.693, 0.724 and 0.571, 0.594, 0.752, 0.791, 0.816, respectively (P < 0.01). The number of spermatozoa with normal mitochondrial function decreased with the increased rhTNF-alpha concentration and incubation time, and r values were 0.615, 0.643, 0.752, 0.691, 0.754 and 0.532, 0.567, 0.782, 0.692, 0.854, respectively (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONrhTNF-alpha can reduce human sperm motility function in vitro, possibly by interfering with human sperm mitochondrial function.

Adult ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Male ; Mitochondria ; drug effects ; physiology ; Recombinant Proteins ; pharmacology ; Sperm Motility ; drug effects ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; pharmacology

Objective: To evaluate the external quality assessment (EQA) program for genotyping results of tacrolimus metabolism-related cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 5 ( CYP3A5 )using plasmid DNA constructed in vitro as quality control samples, discuss the problems in clinical laboratories enrolled in the program and improve the detection quality of CYP3A5 gene. Methods: Recombinant plasmid carrying CYP3A5 *3 (rs776746) AA locus sequence was constructed as wild type sample and plasmid with CYP3A5 *3 GG mutation as mutant type sample. Heterozygous mutant samples were obtained by mixing the two plasmids with equal proportion. Recombinant plasmids DNA were used as the sample panel for EQA scheme. Participating laboratories were asked to test the samples using their routine methods and report the results before deadlines. The scores of each laboratory were calculated based on their results and the overall coincidence of different samples as well as the sensitivity and specificity of different methods. Results: CYP3A5 *3 locus genotypes of the constructed plasmid were verified by Sanger sequencing. The results of 15 and 17 valid laboratories were received respectively in the two EQA programs. The total percentage of 93.33% (14/15) and 100% (17/17) of the laboratories submitted correct results for all the samples. The overall coincidence rates were 96% (72/75) and 100% (85/85) respectively. All the laboratories using digital FISH got full marks in two EQA schemes, while the coincidence rates were 90% (27/30) and 100% (40/40) for Sanger sequencing. Conclusion The recombinant plasmid DNA constructed in this study could effectively detect the performance of reagents with good clinical applicability. The results of EQA programs suggested that the overall accuracy rate of enrolled laboratories was high enough, while the performances in some laboratories still need to be improved. Quality controls in clinical laboratories were essential to assure the accuracy of results.

Objective: To investigate the genetic characteristics of human adenovirus (AdV) among infants with diarrhea in Chaoyang district, Beijing from 2011 to 2017. Methods: Adenovirus positive stool samples were collected from 2011 to 2017 in Chaoyang District of Beijing. The hexon region genes of human adenovirus were sequenced. Multi-sequence alignments were performed and phylogenetic tree was constructed by Mega software. Results: A total of 64 samples were sequenced and analyzed. The ratio of male to female was 11∶5. The mean age was 1.56 years. Among them, AdV41 accounted for 70.31%, followed by AdV31 (26.25%), AdV40 (4.69%), AdV1 (3.13%), AdV5 (3.13%), AdV6 (3.13%), AdV7 (3.13%), AdV2 (1.56%), AdV3 (1.56%), AdV4 (1.56%) and AdV61 (1.56%). Conclusions Human adenovirus may play an important role in viral diarrhea in Chaoyang district from 2011 to 2017. The current adenovirus epidemic is complex and AdV41 was the dominant strain in this region.