Adult ; Aged ; Astragalus membranaceus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; drug therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy

Objective:To identify the effect of ?-synuclein overexpression on mitochondrial membrane structure with atomic force microscopy. Methods:?-syn expression was mediated by AAV (adeno-associated viral vector) and Recombinant AAV/?-syn and AAV/LacZ viral particles were stereotaxically injected in the left side of rat substantia nigra (SN) for rat model of ?-synuclein overexpression. Mitochondria were isolated from rats SN of Brain. Mitochondria were analysis with JC-1 staining,atomic force microscopy and Western blot. Results:By 16 weeks post-infection of AAV-?-syn,the level of ?-syn increased about 2 times in mitochondrial fraction with Western blot and mitochondrial membrane potential (??) decreased with JC-1 staining. Furthermore,mitochondria swelling and porous like structure formed on the mitochondrial membrane with atomic force microscopy. Conclusion:The data suggested that ?-syn could accumulate in mitochondria,might form mitochondrial membrane pores and lead to ?? decreases. ?-syn might lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the aetiology of sporadic Parkinson's disease but its role in the disease mechanism remains unclear.To investigate the effect of synuclein on mitochondrial dysfunction induced by rotenone.The human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells were used as a cell model.The cells over-expressed the wild-type ?-synuclein were treated with complex I inhibitor rotenone.The cell viability,complex I activity,Mitochondrial swelling and O2-content were tested at different time point-1w,2w,4w after rotenone treated.CCK-8 test results showed that the cell viability of overexpressed ?-synuclein(SH-SY5Y-Syn)was much lower than the control group(SH-SY5Y-Ctr).After administrating with rotenone about 1w or 2w the cell viability of SH-SY5Y-Syn became higher than that of SH-SY5Y-Ctr.On the 4th week the results were contrary to the first 2 weeks.Similar results were got when test the mitochondrial function.In the first 2 weeks after roteoone administrating,the mitochondrial function of SH-SY5Y-Syn was better than that of SH-SY5Y-Ctr.This suggest that the ?-synuclein could protect the mitochondrial against the injury induced by rotenone in the early stage-1w,2w,while this effect disappeared in the final stage-4w.

OBJECTIVE: To develop vegetable enteric hollow capsules with sodium alginate (Alg-Na), starch and excipients by one-line molding process and investigate their properties. METHODS: The influence of the ratio of raw materials on capsule shape index was analyzed by multiple factors trials. The light transmittance and mechanical properties were evaluated, and DSC, FT-IR, and SEM analysis were conducted. RESULTS: The optimal formula composed of medium viscosity Alg-Na 0.6%, ultralow viscosity Alg-Na 2.5%, starch 10%, gellan gum 0.6%, and glycerin 2% could produce vegetable enteric hollow capsules with good performance. The main property indexes were as follows: liquid viscosity 434 mPa·s, capsule thickness 0.11-0.12 mm, water content 10.09%, disintegration time 8-15 min in simulated intestinal fluid (not disintegrated within 2 h in simulated gastric fluid), light transmittance of capsule film 85.5%, tensile strength 27.97 MPa, and elongation at break 2.0%. CONCLUSION: This study lays theoretical foundation for replacing gelatin capsules with vegetable enteric hollow capsules.

AIM: To explore the frequency of drug injection of alloxan diabetes on the established model of rabbit.METHODS: Thirty-six healthy rabbits, weighing 2-2.5kg, were randomly divided into one time drug injection group (group A, n=12), two times drug injection group (group B, n=12) and three times drug injection group (group C, n=12). Each rabbit was injected with a total amount of 150mg/kg of alloxan. Fasting blood glucose was measured. The success rate and death rate of each group were also calculated.RESULTS: The success rate of diabetic rabbit model in group B was higher than that in group A (P<0.01) and its death rate was lower than that of group A (P<0.01); the success rate of diabetic rabbit model in group C was highest and the death rate was the lowest in three groups(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Multiple administration of alloxan can improve success rate in establishing diabetic rabbit model with decreased death rate and increased stability.

Objective To investigate the difference between the blood pressure readings between sitting and supine position,and to study the factors that associated with the sitting-supine blood pressure difference in patient with diabetes.Methods We measured the sitting blood pressure first then followed by the supine pressure in 356 diabetic patients,using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer.Patient's body weight,height and blood glucose levels were also measured.Results SBP and DBP were significantly higher in the supine position than in sitting position in diabetic patients(by 3.5?7.6/1.5?4.9 mm Hg,P

Alcoholism ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Glucosides ; pharmacology ; Male ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Memory Disorders ; prevention & control ; Prefrontal Cortex ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; genetics ; metabolism ; Stilbenes ; pharmacology

Objective To study the different expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligang(RANKL) mRNA in spleens of rats fed with diet of low calcium and high fluoride. Methods A 2× 2×2 factorial design was used and the factors were calcium, fluoride and action time. In the design, 40 Wistar rats [average body mass(118.9±13.5)g] were divided into four groups randomly by weight: control with normal diet (0.790%, calcium), low calcium group with low calcium intake(0.063%, calcium), high fluoride group with normal diet and high fluoride intake(100 mg/L, fluoride) and low calcium and high fluoride group with low calcium and high fluoride intake. After 4 and 8 months, 5 rats of each group were sacrificed and total RNA was extracted from spleen. And the expression levels of RANKL mRNA were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results At time of 4 months, the expression level of RANKL mRNA was 0.13± 0.05,0.13± 0.03,0.17±0.02,0.27± 0.05 and at time of 8 months, it was 0.11 ± 0.01,0.16 ± 0.02,0.16± 0.03,0.36 ± 0.07 in control group, low calcium group, high fluoride group, low calcium with high fluoride group, repectively. The factorial design AVONA showed that low calcium and high fluoride had significant effects on RANKL mRNA expression(F = 40.224,56.679, all P < 0.05) while action time had not(F = 2.850, P > 0.05 ). The interactions of low calcium with high fluoride or high fluoride with action time were signifieant(F = 7.247, 18.789, all P < 0.05) while the interaction of high fluoride with action time was not(F = 1.751, P > 0.05). Conclusions Low calcium alone or high fluoride alone or low calcium with high fluoride or low calcium with action time can increase the the RANKL mRNA expression level. High fluoride does not affect the RANKL mRNA level as the action time is prolonged.

Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize the culture components for lipopeptide production by Bacillus natto TK-1. In the first step, two level factorial design of Plackett-Burman was used to evaluate the influence of six related factors. It showed that three factors playing the important roles in the medium, including peptone, yeast extract powder and CaCl_2. The path of steepest ascent was used to approach the optimal region of the fermentation conditions subsequently. In the third step, the concentrations of those three main factors were further optimized by using Box-Behnken and Response Surface Analysis. By solving the quadratic regression model equation, the optimal concentrations of the variables were determined as: peptone 1.73%, yeast extract powder 0.063 %, CaCl_2 1.385?10-4mol/L. Under the optimal culture conditions, the diameter of haemolysis zone increased 29.3 % than before. HPLC analysis showed the precise production of lipopeptide was 30.2% higher than preliminary culture. Furthermore, at three batches cultivation, the experiment values under the optimal conditions agreed with the predictive values. It showed that Response Surface Methodology was proper and a good choice for optimization.

Fermentation for Eicosapentaenoic Acid(EPA) production by Nitzschia laevis at various temperature between 10℃ and 30℃ was investigated and the dynamics characteristics during fermentation process were also analyzed.Based on the results,a varying temperature nursing method of two stage control strategy is proposed:During the first stage,which comprises the delay phase and the initial index phase,the temperature is maintained at 25℃;then the temperature is shifted to 20℃ and kept up till the end of the fermentation process.By this method,a EPA content of 6.0% and a yield of 291.60 mg/L have been gained.These are 24.07% and 18.81% higher than that of fixed temperature(25℃) fermentation,respectively.