Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) is a worldwide public health problem.Glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) is a key indicator for early diagnosis and accurate classification of CKD , how to estimate GFR accurately and conveniently has been a difficulty and hot-points.We describes the development of several major eGFR equations based on creatinine and cystatin C , analysis the impact of the different research methods on performance of equation , and discusses the issue in research and application of eGFR in China.Accordingly make the following recommendations ( 1 ) Expand the study size ( multiple centers) and participants number , then develop and validate eGFR equations based on Chinese population ;(2) Standardize the gold standardof GFR in the study and unify the analysis and evaluation methods;(3) Promote the consistency and standardization of creatinine and cystatin C which is the basis for the wide range of applications of the eGFR formula.

OBJECTIVE:To bring the spillover effects of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises'Research&Develop-ment institutions intofull play in China.METHODS:The routes for the exertion of spillover effects and the main restrictive factors of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises were analyzed and some strategies to enhance the spillover effects were put forward.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The absorbing ability of the domestic pharmaceutical enterprises should be enhanced in China;the flow of the personnel between the multinational enterprises and the domestic pharmaceutical enterprises should be accelerated.We should participate actively in the Research&Development system of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises,reinforce the protection of intellectual property and promote the Research&Development investment of multinational phar-maceutical enterprises in China.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the outsourcing strategy of pharmaceutical enterprises.METHODS:The feasibility and the necessity of carrying out outsourcing strategy in pharmaceutical enterprises were analyzed based on value chain theory;and the current outsourcing strategies carried out in China pharmaceutical enterprises were evaluated.RESULTS&CON?CLUSION:Outsourcing is a feasible choice for our pharmaceutical enterprises,by which their competitive edge can be im?proved effectively.

Objective To measure the equity of resources allocation in obstetric healthcare in Zhejiang Province, and provide evidence for decision making by healthcare departments of the government. Methods Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used to measure the equity of obstetric healthcare resources. Results The investigation found such allocation as equitable as measured by the layout of the number of live births, as the Gini coefficient of the distribution of obstetric doctors, nurses and beds was 0.1697,0.1971 and 0.1497 respectively by total birth, failing within the equitable range. However, when measured by geographic distribution, such coefficient were 0.2701, 0.3216 and 0.3341 respectively in cities, which were less equitable yet still within equitable range. Conclusions The government and health bureaus are recommended to scientifically predict the number of immigrants and rationally deploy healthcare resources according to the service radius of healthcare resources;moreover, more gynecologic doctors and nurses should be trained to improve the human resource structure in gynecologic departments. These effort can cater to the growing healthcare demands of the society resulting from a growing population of immigrants.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperhidrosis ; therapy ; Male ; Medicine in Literature ; Middle Aged ; Pruritus ; therapy

0 05) The plasma Hcy level was significantly higher in DVT group than in control group [(12 2?8 7) ?mol/L vs (10 4?4 8) ?mol/L, P

Objective To compare the graft function of 2 methods of kidney harvesting,the modified method of combined liver and kidney procurement and rapid en bloc kidney procurement. Methods The clinical data of 220 cadaveric renal transplantation recipients were collected(12 months follow-up),174 cases from en bloc kidney procurement and 46 from combined liver and kidney procurement.The average harvesting time,the incidence of renal vein injury,1 year kidney survival and incidence of acute rejection were compared between the two methods.Results In average harvesting time and incidence of renal vein injury,the en bloc kidney procurement were better than the method of combined liver and kidney procurement.However,the method of combined liver and kidney procurement was better than the en bloc kidney procurement in 1 year kidney survival,1 year incidence of acute rejection and average warm ischemia time.There was no difference in 1 year survival of patients and 24 h,1 week and 1 year graft function after transplantation. Conclusion Although the method of combined liver and kidney procurement is better than the en bloc kidney procurement in 1 year kidney survival and 1 year incidence of acute rejection,there is no difference between the 2 methods in 1 year survival of patients and graft function after transplantation.

Objective To test whether sodium arsenite can induce in vitro reverse mutation of Salmonella typhimurium histamine-auxotroph mutant. Methods Ames test was carded out with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97,TA98,TA100 and TA102 by standard method with or without the liver microsomal enzyme activation system (+S9,-S9). Results At concentrations of sodium arsenite from 500.00 to 5000.00 μg/plate, no colonies were seen on the plates of TA97,TA98,TA100 or TA102, with or without the presence of S9. At concentrations of sodium arsenite of 0.01,0.10,10.00 μg/plate and with the presence of S9, twice as many colonies grew on the plates of TA102 as the negative control(P<0.05). Without S9 activation,twice as many colonies grew on the plates of TA100 as the negative control(P<0.05)at concentrations of sodium arsenite of 1.00,10.00 μg/plate(P<0.05). The reverse mutation colonies induced by sodium arsenite in TA98 strain were twice as many as negative control group at concentrations of 0.01,0.10 μg/plate(P<0.05). There was no obvious increase of the strain clones in the other(P0.05). Conclusions With and without S9 activation, the doses of 500.00,5000.00 μg/plate sodium arsenite resulted in a toxic effect and a reduction of the revertants among the strain. At concentrations of 0.01～10.00 μg/plate, sodium arsenite exhibited mutngenesis effects.

Objective To explore the reversing mechanism of multidrug resistance of ciclosporin(CsA) on K562/A02 cell line,attenuating DNA damage repair through H2AX suppression.Methods K563 and K562/A02 respectively co-cultured with adriamycin(ADM) of different concentrations and CsA.MTT assay was employed to determine the inhibitory concentration of 50 percent(IC50),the resistance times and the reversal times.The K562/A02 cells treated with CsA,and reverse transcriptase(RT)-PCR technique was used to examine the mdr1 and H2AX mRNA level.Flow cytometry was used to measure P-glycoprotein(P-gp) and H2AX expression.Neutral comet assay was used to detect the level of DNA double strands break(DSBs) of the K562/A02 treated with ?H2AX antibody.Results 2?10-3g/L CsA could increase the sensitivity of K562/A02 to ADM,and the reversal times was 5.28.Mdr1 mRNA level and H2AX mRNA level were decreased when treated with CsA(P

Objective To investigate the best dose of treating diabetic renal insufficiency (DRI) with Tangduqing granules. Methods To establish model rats of DRI by the method of 5/6 nephrectomy and abdominal cavity injection with streptozotocin. The successful model rats with DRI were divided into four groups randomly:model group, high dose group, medium dose group, low dose group. Ten age-matched healthy male SD rats were served as controls (administered with NS 2 mL/d). Ten weeks later, contents of the BUN, SCr and urine protein excretion in 24 hours were determined. And to detect the best dose of treating DRI with Tangduqing granules by evaluating the effect of Tangduqing. Results Tangduqing had the function of reducing contents of BUN, SCr and urine protein excretion in 24 hours of rats with renal insufficiency. Conclusions Tangduqing may effectively delay the development of renal failure. The therapeutic effects of medium dose group were the best.