Recently, the understanding of metabolic reprogramming in cancer is expanding continuously.Besides glycolysis, researchers are now paying more attention to amino acid metabolism, especially glutamine metabolism.Glutamine is one of the most abundant non-essential amino acids in human body, but it is a “conditionally essential” amino acid in various types of cancer cells.Thus, targeting glutamine metabolism is becoming a promising strategy for the development of novel cancer therapeutic agents.In addition, another gradually clarified metabolic pathway is serine and glycine metabolism.In this review, we will focus on the alterations, the underlying mechanisms, and significance of glutamine as well as serine and glycine metabolism.We will also discuss cancer therapy opportunities through targeting amino acid metabolism.

Metabolic rewiring and epigenetic remodeling, which are closely linked and reciprocally regulate each other, are among the well-known cancer hallmarks. Recent evidence suggests that many metabolites serve as substrates or cofactors of chromatin-modifying enzymes as a consequence of the translocation or spatial regionalization of enzymes or metabolites. Various metabolic alterations and epigenetic modifications also reportedly drive immune escape or impede immunosurveillance within certain contexts, playing important roles in tumor progression. In this review, we focus on how metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells and immune cells reshapes epigenetic alterations, in particular the acetylation and methylation of histone proteins and DNA. We also discuss other eminent metabolic modifications such as, succinylation, hydroxybutyrylation, and lactylation, and update the current advances in metabolism- and epigenetic modification-based therapeutic prospects in cancer.
Chromatin ; DNA Methylation ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics ; Histones/metabolism* ; Humans ; Neoplasms/therapy*