With the development of modern technology,X-ray machine has been widely applied for medical diagnosis.The article simply reported the principle of medical X-ray machine and its maintenance,and also illustrated two troubleshooting cases of Siemens'X-ray machine.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; therapeutic use ; Immunologic Factors ; therapeutic use ; Levofloxacin ; Ofloxacin ; adverse effects ; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ; drug therapy ; etiology

Objective To investigate the effects of case-based learning (CBL) applied in the clinical probation of anesthesiology.Methods Totally 313 undergraduates from the department of anesthesiology were randomly divided into 2 groups:CBL group (n =157) and LBL group (n =156).CBL methods were used to teach students in CBL group while traditional teaching methods were used to teach students in LBL group.After the causes being finished,a combination of theoretical examination and questionnaire were used to evaluate the teaching effectiveness between the two groups and a questionnaire was used to evaluate the recognition of teachers on CBL method.Data were managed by SPSS 17.0 software package.Quantitative data between groups were compared by t-test,enumeration data between groups were compared by chi-square test.Results Students in CBL group acquired higher score (86.7 ± 5.4) than those in LBL group (75.8 ± 4.5).82％ students in CBL group considered that their overall quality was improved while 42％ students in the LBL group thought so (P ＜ 0.05).75％ of faculties preferred the CBL methods.Conclusions Effect of CBL methods is better than traditional teaching methods and it's preferred by faculty and students.

In China,compared with other high risk population, drug users have higher rates of HIV infection, HCV infection and co-infection of HIV and HCV. These infections are major factors influencing this population’s health status. By describing and comparing the status of HIV infection, HCV infection, and HIV/HCV co-infection among drug users in China in terms of geographic distribution, demographic distribution, analyzing the interaction of the two viruses and the velocity of transmission and pathogenicity, this article provides recommendation for prevention and control of HIV and HCV.

Objective To evaluate the immune responses and its dynamic changes of the babies born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers after combined passive immunoprophylaxis and active immunoprophylaxis. Methods Two hundred and forty-nine infants born to HBsAg positive mothers were enrolled. All of these infants have received both passive immunoprophylaxis by injecting hepatitis B immunoglobuin (HBIG) and active immunoprophylaxis by vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine simultaneously 12 hours after birth. After that, all infantscompleted the whole vaccination program. The titers of serum HBsAg and hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) of the infants were checked at 7, 12, 24 and 36 months after birth. The data was analyzed by chi square test. Results Infants born to HBsAg positive mothers showed various immune response modes. The no response rate, low response rate and strong response rate were 8.0% (20/249),11.7% (29/249) and 80.3% (200/249) respectively in the 7-month infants, which were 10.8% (12/120), 26.7% (32/120) and 62.5% (75/120) respectively in 12-month infants. The results from further follow-up showed that no response rate, low response rate and strong response rate were 14.8% (4/27), 33.3% (9/27) and 51.9% (14/27) respectively in the 24-month babies and were 14.3 (1/7), 28. 6% (2/7) and 57.1% (4/7) respectively in the 36-month babies. There were statistically significant difference between the 7-month infants group and other groups (x2= 21.98,P＜0.01). The HBsAb titers of high-response infants group declined over time. The infants with higher antibody titers tended to not decline or decline more slowly. In infants who have even achieved HBsAb titers higher than 1000 mIU/mL, 57.6% (19/33) of them showed decreased titers in 36 months. The titer decrease peaked at 24 month after birth (57.9%, 11/19). In infants who have achieved HBsAb titers of 100 to 1000 mIU/mL, 73.8% (31/42) of them showed decreased titers in 36 months. The titer decrease peaked at 12 month after birth (54.8%, 17/31). HBsAg positive infants usually showed no response at 7 month, who accounted for 70% (14/20,x2 = 128.61, P＜0.01) of all no response infants. Ninety-nine percent (189/191) of HBsAg negative infants showed strong responses. The infants born to both HBsAg positive and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)positive mothers tended to show no response. However, the difference between these infants and others was not statistically significant (9.1% vs 5.5%,x2 =0.24,P＞0.05). Conclusions The immune responses of infants born to HBsAg positive mothers after combined passive and active immunoprophylaxis change over time. The non-response status is usually found in HBsAg positive infants. HBsAg negative infants usually show strong response. Infants born to both HBsAg positive and HBeAg positive mothers tend to show low response. It is recommended to follow standard immunoprophylaxis procedure. The follow-up and active monitor are very important during 7 months to 2 years after birth.

Objective To obtain the information of therapies with beta blocker in patients with heart failure in our hospital. Methods 408 hospitalized cases in 2004 and 213 outpatients from April to July in 2005 with chronic heart failure from the cardiology department were collected. Results In hospitalized cases,of 54.9% patients were prescribed beta blocker,and only 4% of them arrived at target dosage and 24.9% of them arrived at half of target dosage. 86.1% of them were given metoprolol. The maximum dosage was (54.25?34.26) mg/d,the mean was equal to the 36.17% of target dosage. Among outpatients,77.5% were taken beta blocker,and only 2.5% of them reached the target dosage and 26.6% of them reached half of target dosage; and 89.7% of them were frequently given the metoprolol,the average dosage was up to 35% of the target dosage. Conclusions There was a great gap between the clinical practice and guideline of beta blocker therapy in patients with chronic heart failure. The prescribed dose of beta blocker was lower than the target dosage.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the concentration of clindamycin in woman milk by RP-HPLC.METHODS:The concentration of clindamycin(with tinidazole served as internal standard) was determined by liquid-liquid extraction-HPLC.The chromatographic column was Luna C18 and the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-phosphate buffer (pH 5)(30∶1∶70) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL?min-1.The temperature of the column was kept at 40 ℃ and the detection wavelength was set at 205 nm.RESULTS:The linear range of clindamycin was 0.529～10.580 ?g?mL-1(r=0.996 7) with a lowest detectable limit of 0.2 ?g?mL-1.The average methodological recovery rate of clindamycin was 98.84%;both the inter-day RSD and intra-day RSD of clindamycin(at low,medium and high concentrations) were all less than 5%.CONCLUSION:The method is simple,rapid,sensitive,accurate and reproducible,and it is applicable for the determination of clindamycin concentration in woman milk.

Objective To explore the serological variations for syphilis in infants delivered by treated syphilitic mothers and its influencing factors. Methods Totally, 146 singleton gravidas, who had been treated for syphilis during pregrancy from January 2006 to January 2008 in our hospital, were chosen. Rapid plasma reagin(RPR) and treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA) of these mothers before delivery and of the newborns within 3 d after delivery were tested and 92 of the 146 babies were followed up until the age of 24 months. Results (1) Among the 146 neonates, 104 (71.2%) were positive for both RPR and TPPA and 140 (95.9%) TPPA positive only. The RPR positive rate in neonates born to RPR+ + TPPA+ mothers were higher than those born to TPPA+ (only) mothers (81.4% vs 36.4%,χ2 = 25. 3, P<0. 01). 90.4% of the RPR+ neonates (94/104) showed lower or equivalent RPR titers compared to their mothers. (2) Among the 92 babies bein g followed up, the seroreversion of RPR were found in 98. 2%(n = 56) of the 57 babies, who were RPR+ +TPPA+ at delivery, at the 6 months and 100% (n=57) within 8 months, with the peak time within 2 months after birth (78. 9%, n = 45). While, 100% of the babies were found to be TPPA-within 24 mo with the peak time at 10～18 mo (64. 9%, n = 37). For those babies with TPPA+ at delivery, all turned to be TPPA- at 18 mo, with the peak time at 6 ～ 12 mo (57. 1%, n = 20). (3) The seroreversion time of babies with maternal RPR between 1:1～1:4 was later than those with maternal RPR (P<0.05). The seroreversion time of babies with maternal RPR titer of 1:4 was longer than those with maternal RPR titer of 1 > 1 [(2.5±0.8) mo vs (1. 2±0. 4) mo,P<0. 01]. However, the maternal RPR titer did not affect the TPPA reversion time (P > 0.05). The seroreversion time of RPR in infants with neonatal RPR titer of 1 : 4 was later than those with neonatal RPR titer of 1:1 [(3.7±0. 9) mo vs (2. 3±0. 6) mo,P<0. 01], and babies with RPR titer at 1 : 1 - 1 :4 showed longer duration than those with neonatal RPR- in TPPA seroreversion [(11. 2±2. 8) mo, (12.2±2.9) mo, and (11.0±2.2) mo vs ( 6. 9±2. 1) mo, P< 0.01, respectively]. Conclusions Most infants born to syphilitic mothers are serological positive for syphilis despite of standard maternal treatment during pregnancy. Infants, with higher maternal RPR titer during the pregnancy or at delivery, may persist to be serological positive for syphilis for a longer perieod, but all will turn to negative finally. Long term follow up is recommended for serological positive infants, and the diagnosis of congenital syphilis should be cautious.

Subluxation of hip, sprain, epilepsy, etc. are serious problems for cerebral palsy children during physiotherapy. This paper would review the reasons of these complications and the managements.

Objective To investigate an accurate,reliable and objective method to evaluate persistent vegetative state at bedside.Methods The brain function of 34 cases with persistent vegetative state as a result of acute brain injury was evaluated,involving clinical examinations and neuroelectrophysiological evaluations(EEG,BAEP,SLSEP).Results The most common cause of brain damage was anoxic encephalopathy(30/34,88.2%).The patients were in mild,moderate or deep coma with complete or partial existence of brainstem reflection,activities distributed by cerebral nerves,voluntary extremity activities,spinal cord reflection and automatic spinal cord reflection as well as partial existence of pathologic reflection.According to the Young Criteria of EEG,64.5%(20/31)and 29.0%(9/31)of the cases were in grade Ⅰ and Ⅵ respectively,6.5%(2/31)were in grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ.According to the Cant Criteria of evoked potential,34.8%(8/23),21.7%(5/23)and 43.5%(10/23)of the cases were in gradeⅠ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ of brainstem auditory evoked potential,respectively.43.5%(10/23),4.4%(12/23) and 52.2%(12/23)were in grade Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ of short-latency somatosensory evoked potential respectively.29.4%(10/34)of 34 cases died,and 11.8%(4/34)resuscitated during 35—90 days. Conclusion Combination of multiple neuroelectrophysiological tests was an accurate,reliable and objective approach to evaluate the brain function of patients with persistent vegetative state,which provides evidence for decision-making in agrypnotic therapy.