Accommodation of the human eye ian extremely complex and dynamiprocess,which iaccomplished by the interaction between the central nervousystem and variouoculastructurethaare relevanto accommodation.Varioumechanismof accommodation have been puforward since the beginning of the 19th century,among which Helmhohz'theory ithe mosfamous.However,iistill challenged by othetheories.So far,the mechanism of accommodation hanobeen fully understood.The mosdirecmethod to study accommodation ito observe changein the biometry of the oculastructureduring accommodation,which ialso the mosobjective interpretation of accommodative mechanisms.The rapid developmenof imaging technologiein regardto ophthalmology makethipossible.Thiarticle aimto describe the use of variouimaging technologiein oculaaccommodative studiein vivo from the perspective of morphology.

Background Researches demonstrated that avastin-assisted vitrectomy for serious proliferative diabetic retinopathy can decrease intra-operation complication and bring down difficulty of surgery.It is speculated that this is associated with suppression of avastin on neovascularization.However,the evidence of its pathology is lack.Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the application and mechanism of avastin in vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods Twenty-four eyes from consecutive 24 patients with vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy were enrolled in this study.Fourteen eyes received all intravitreal injection of 0.06 ml avastin(1.5 mg)14 days prior to vitrectomy。And the other 10 eyes underwent only vitrectomy without avastin injection as controls,Preretinal membranes were collected during vitrectomy for histopathologic examination by hemotoxylin and eosin staining.The differences in the density of the neovessels and micro-neovessels between the two groups were observed by detecting the expression of CD34 in vesse]endothelial cells using immunohistochemistry.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before surgery. Results No statistically significant differences were found in the demography and eye manifestations between only vitreetomy group and avastin+vitrectomy group(P＞0.05).The neovessels with grade three was in 10 eyes in only vitrectomy group and 1 eye in avastin+vitrectomy group(P＜0.01).More capillary-like neovascularization with single vascular endothelial cells,obvious hemorrhage and inflammatory cells infiltration were observed on preretinal membranes in vitrectomy group.However,there were less hemorrhage,ceUular components and few capillary-like neovascularization but more hyaline degeneration of fibrous tissue were observed in avastin+vitrectomy group under the light microscope.Immunochemistry revealed that CD34 was positively expressed in vascular endothelial cells on preretinal membrane in both two groups.The neovessels density and miero-neovessels density were 15.40±7.42/field and 1.88±1.70/field in avastin+vitrectomy group and those in vitreetomy group were 18.00±3.80/field and 0.45±0.56/field respectively,showing significant differences between these two groups(neovessels density:Z=-4.102,P＜0.01;micro-neovessels density:Z=-4.137,P＜0.01).Conclusion As an adjunct drug during the vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, avastin can improve the successful rate of surgery by inhibiting the neovascular formation and alleviating retinal edema.

The effects of amiodarone on transmural dispersion of ventricular effective refractory periods (ERPs) in the normal and hypertrophic canine heart were investigated in vivo. By using the programmed stimulation protocol, the ERPs of epicardium (Epi), midmyocardium (Mid) and endocardium (Endo) were measured by inserting specially-designed electrodes into the three myocardial layers before and after mainlining of amiodarone. No significant ERPs-dispersion was observed in the three layers before and after mainlining of amiodarone in the normal group. In contrast, ERPs of all the three layers were prolonged in the hypertrophic heart, while the ERPs-dispersion was reduced significantly after mainlining of amiodarone. The ERPs-dispersion was significantly increased in the hypertrophic heart but not in the normal heart using "long-short" and "short-long" interval stimulation technique. It was concluded that (1) the differences in ERPs-dispersion among the three layers were significant in hypertrophic heart, and differences were not significant in normal canine heart;(2) ERPs of each three-myocardial layers were significantly prolonged after using amiodarone, but the ERPs-dispersion decreased in hypertrophic heart and (3) the programmed extrastimulus technique of "long-short" and "short-long" intervals increased the transmural ERPs-dispersion in the hypertrophic heart.

Purpose To study the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation caused by albumin in renal tubulointerstitial cells.Methods Cathepsin B was detected by immunohistochemistry in renal biopsy tissue of 30 membranous nephropathy patients which had different levels of proteinuria.HK-2 cells were stimulated by albumin,and then were treated by high concentration KCl,CA 074 Me and DPI,which was Cathepsin B inhibitor and ROS inhibitor.Finally,IL-1β and IL-18 were detected by Western blot and real time PCR,respectively.Results The expression of Cathepsin B in tubulointerstitial cells was significantly higher in patients with severe proteinuria than that in patients with mild proteinuria (P ＜ 0.05).CA 074 Me and DPI significantly reduced IL-1β and IL-18 secretion in HK-2 cells stimulated by albumin (P ＜ 0.05),but high concentration KCl did not result in this change (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion NLRP3 inflammasome is activated via Cathepsin B release and increases ROS production caused by proteinuria,but not via K + efflux.

Objective To evaluate the value of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in transthoracic minimally invasive device closure of ventricular septal defect(VSD).Methods A total of 164 cases of VSD were recruited as candidates to receive transthoracic minimally invasive device closure between January 2007 and October 2010,including 138 perimembranous VSDs,3 muscular VSDs and 23 supracristal VSDs.Among these groups,85 male patients were included.Four-champer view,five-champer view,left ventricular long-axis view,short-axis view and right ventricular inflow view were detected to evaluate the availability of device closure.Results A total of 152 cases(92.7%)were successfully closed with a device.All the patients were followed up more than 3 months arranged with a standard protocol.No complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) or associated valvular complications were observed.Three of the five cases with traced residual shunt after device closure closed spontaneously.Conclusion TEE plays an important role in transthoracic minimally invasive device closure of ventricular septal defect,which has been proved by the good follow-up results without CAVB and associated valvular complications.

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Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the epidemic situation,clinical symptom,diagnosis and epidemiological characteristics of human Fasciola gigantica infection in Dali,Yunnan province.It will also provide a scientific basis for fasciolosis control and prevention.Methods Epidemic data were collected and patient's clinical signs and symptoms were studied.Serum soluble antigen of Fasciola gigantica of patients and part of family members and health people in the same village was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the eggs of Fasciola gigantica in stool were observed under microscope.Sequencing and PCR amplification of Fasciola gigantica eggs had been done.Sequencing results were analyzed using basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) program of the U.S.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the similarity of the two in the sequence of nucleic acid was compared.Furthermore,patients were experimentally given orally therapeutic doses of Triclabendazole 10 mg·kg-1·d-1 daily for 2 days,and kept in the hospital for observation for one week.Moreover,host and vector were investigated in the surrounding ditches of Dali prefecture and Limnaea peregra snail samples were collected.All the snails were squashed by glass sheet in order to detect the cercarie.Cow dung and sheep manure was collected in the Limnaea peregra distribution environment,and the eggs in the feces were checked by microscope after washing and precipitation.Results All the 26 patients had a continued hyperpyrexia with distinct alimentary system symptoms of nausea,vomiting,stomachache,abdominal distension as well as hepatomegaly,sensitive to percussion,different levels of liver damage detected by CT.All the patients had an eaten history of raw Herba Houttuyniae and other aquatic plants,and the course of the disease was similar,with the same epidemiological characteristics.ELISA detection was used in the 26 patients,family members and other healthy population,the results of all the 26 patients were positive(100.0％,26/26) ; the positive rates of the 57 family members and other health people of the same village were 31.6％ (18/57) and 17.1％ (6/35),respectively.The results of sequencing and BLAST program showed that the pathogen was Fasciola gigantica with the similarity between 99％-100％.PCR amplification also confirmed that the eggs were Fasciola gigantica eggs with an approximately 1000 bp band on agarose gel.After treatment with Triclabendazole,body temperature of the patients dropped to normal and symptoms improved markedly.Moreover,329 Limnaea peregra snails were collected including 5 ones with redia and one-tailed cercariae which were preliminary identified as the larva of Fasciola gigantica.There were also eggs of Fasciola gigantica detected in one stool of cattle and one of goat.Conclusions Eating raw food is the leading cause of the onset of the disease.Triclabendazole is the drug of choice to treat Fasciolasis.Health education should be strengthened by government and disease prevention and control departments in order to make the local residents to understand the potential hazard of eating raw aquatic vegetable and drinking unboiled water,which is the key to prevent the occurrence of the disease.

Objective To investigate the expression of TRIM28 and p16 in esophageal squamous cell car-cinoma(ESCC)and explore the possible correlation with them and clinicopathological characteristics. Methods The expression level of TRIM28 and p16 were measured by immunohistochemistry S-P in 136 cases with ESCC and 37 cases with normal esophageal mucosa,selected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University De-partment of Pathology.The relationship between them and the clinical-pathological features was also analyzed.The localization of TRIM28 and p16 protein in ESCC was detected by immunofluorescence. Results(1)The positive rates of TRIM28 and p16 in ESCC were 91.2%and 32.4%,respectively,whereas in normal esophageal mucosa the corresponding rates were 24% and 57%,respectively.(2)Immunofluorescence results showed that TRIM28 and p16 protein were all mainly distributed in the nucleus of ESCC.(3)The abnormal expression of TRIM28 and p16 protein were all related to the invasion depth,TNM staging and lymph node metastasis in ESCC(P < 0.05).(4) The expression of TRIM28 was negatively correlated to the expression of p16 in ESCC(r =-0.284,P = 0.001). Conclusions The abnormal expression of TRIM28 and p16 may have synergistic effect on the initiation and devel-opment of ESCC.Co-detection of the expression of them may be useful for diagnosis of ESCC and guiding the clini-cal therapy.

Objective To analyze the related pathogenicity gene mutations in a sudden death of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) on whole exome level.Methods Whole exome sequencing (WES) was been performed on a sudden death case sample with pathological features of HCM by Illumina(R) Hiseq 2500 platform.Using hgl9 as the reference sequences,the sequencing data were analyzed.Suspicious single nucleotide variants (SNV) were screened,and the conservatism and function were analyzed by the software such as PhyloP,PolyPhen-2,SIFT,etc.Results After screening,a heterozygous mutation C719R was finally identified in the gene MYBPC3 of this case.Conclusion The molecular anatomy on whole exome level by second generation sequencing technology can help to define the molecular mechanism of HCM and provide a new mothed and thought for analysis of death cause.

Objective To observe the changes in serum and spinal cord nitric oxide (NO) levels after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rabbits. Methods The Zivin method was used to induce spinal cord IR injury in rabbits, in which the NO levels in the serum and spinal cord tissues were observed dynamically. Results In rabbits with spinal cord IR injury, the serum NO levels increased gradually after spinal cord IR injury and reached a peak level at 2 h, showing significant difference from the levels of before ischemia (P<0.05), and followed by obvious reduction at 6 and 12 h after the injury (P<0.05). In the spinal cord tissue homogenate, the NO levels increased significantly to reach the peak level at the end of the ischemia (P<0.05), and then decreased obviously at 2 and 6 h to the level comparable to that in the sham-operated group (P>0.05). Conclusions NO is over-expressed in the serum and spinal cord tissue in rabbits following spinal cord IR injury, and may play a role in neuronal damage and repair in the event of spinal cord IR injury.