BACKGROUND:Liver organoids are of great significance to elucidate the exact pathological mechanism of liver diseases and the treatment of liver diseases. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the basic research in this field at home and abroad,review the important research progress in the construction of liver organoids,disease modeling and transplantation therapy,and discuss the application prospect of combined tissue engineering technology of liver organoids. METHODS:The relevant articles included in PubMed and CNKI databases were searched.The English and Chinese search terms were"liver,organoids,liver diseases."The main search time was from April 2018 to April 2024.Duplicate literature was excluded by manual reading.Finally,94 articles were included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The seed cells constructed by liver organoids are mainly concentrated in adult cells and pluripotent stem cells,which promote the generation of organoids by assisting various cytokines to participate in signal guidance and providing 3D microenvironment by extracellular matrix.However,the overall maturity is not high,which is expected to improve this problem by combining tissue engineering technology.In vitro disease modeling is mainly studied in the field of simple diseases and single-gene genetic diseases.Organoids highly retain patient genetic characteristics,and it is expected to simulate more complex liver diseases and clarify deeper pathological mechanisms by combining CRISPR-Cas9 gene correction and other emerging technologies.In vivo transplantation treatment,liver organoids can be safely and effectively implanted,showing amazing liver function replacement potential,tissue regeneration ability,and may also be combined with other tissue engineering materials to achieve therapeutic purposes.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of different dosage forms of Kaixinsan （KXS） on the morphology and function of mitochondria in rat models of Alzheimer's disease （AD） and potential mechanisms of action. MethodsMale SD rats were randomly assigned to a sham group， model group， treatment groups receiving KXS decoction， powders， and granules （3.08 g·kg^-1）， as well as donepezil group （0.51×10^-3 g·kg^-1）， with 10 rats in each group. AD model was created using intracerebroventricular injection of streptozocin （STZ）. After 30 days of administration， behavioral assessments were conducted， and mitochondrial morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were measured via JC-1 staining， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and reactive oxygen species （ROS） levels were measured via biochemical assays. The mRNA expression of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α （PGC-1α）， and silent information regulator 3 （SIRT3） was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and Western blot was used to examine the protein expression levels of optic atrophy protein1 （OPA1）， mitochondrial fission protein 1 （FIS1）， AMPK， p-AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3. ResultsCompared with the sham group， rats in the model group had significantly lower recognition index， spontaneous alternation rate， escape latency， number of platform crossings， time spent in the target quadrant， and percentage of distance traveled in the target quadrant distance （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Significant mitochondrial damage was observed in the hippocampal tissue， with a marked decrease in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content （P<0.01） and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential （P<0.05）. Additionally， the SOD activity was reduced， while ROS levels were elevated （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression of PGC-1α and SIRT3 was significantly downregulated （P<0.01）， along with decreased protein expression levels of OPA1， p-AMPK/AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3， whereas FIS1 protein expression was significantly upregulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， rats in KXS-treated groups （various dosage forms） showed significant improvement in behavioral indexes （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced hippocampal mitochondrial damage， and more organized mitochondrial cristae. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and mitochondrial membrane potentials were elevated （P<0.05）. SOD activity was elevated， and ROS levels were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Furthermore， the mRNA expression of PGC-1α and SIRT3 was upregulated， with increased protein levels of OPA1， p-AMPK/AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3， while FIS1 protein expression levels were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Across the KXS-treated groups， the granule group showed a higher spontaneous alternation rate than the decoction and powder groups （P<0.05）. ConclusionKXS decoction， powders， and granules can improve the learning and memory ability of rats， with granules being the most effective. The mechanism of action may involve activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway， improvement of the mitochondrial function， and subsequent amelioration of the brain energy metabolism disorders.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of different dosage forms of Kaixinsan （KXS） on the morphology and function of mitochondria in rat models of Alzheimer's disease （AD） and potential mechanisms of action. MethodsMale SD rats were randomly assigned to a sham group， model group， treatment groups receiving KXS decoction， powders， and granules （3.08 g·kg^-1）， as well as donepezil group （0.51×10^-3 g·kg^-1）， with 10 rats in each group. AD model was created using intracerebroventricular injection of streptozocin （STZ）. After 30 days of administration， behavioral assessments were conducted， and mitochondrial morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were measured via JC-1 staining， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and reactive oxygen species （ROS） levels were measured via biochemical assays. The mRNA expression of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α （PGC-1α）， and silent information regulator 3 （SIRT3） was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and Western blot was used to examine the protein expression levels of optic atrophy protein1 （OPA1）， mitochondrial fission protein 1 （FIS1）， AMPK， p-AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3. ResultsCompared with the sham group， rats in the model group had significantly lower recognition index， spontaneous alternation rate， escape latency， number of platform crossings， time spent in the target quadrant， and percentage of distance traveled in the target quadrant distance （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Significant mitochondrial damage was observed in the hippocampal tissue， with a marked decrease in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content （P<0.01） and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential （P<0.05）. Additionally， the SOD activity was reduced， while ROS levels were elevated （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression of PGC-1α and SIRT3 was significantly downregulated （P<0.01）， along with decreased protein expression levels of OPA1， p-AMPK/AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3， whereas FIS1 protein expression was significantly upregulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， rats in KXS-treated groups （various dosage forms） showed significant improvement in behavioral indexes （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced hippocampal mitochondrial damage， and more organized mitochondrial cristae. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and mitochondrial membrane potentials were elevated （P<0.05）. SOD activity was elevated， and ROS levels were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Furthermore， the mRNA expression of PGC-1α and SIRT3 was upregulated， with increased protein levels of OPA1， p-AMPK/AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3， while FIS1 protein expression levels were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Across the KXS-treated groups， the granule group showed a higher spontaneous alternation rate than the decoction and powder groups （P<0.05）. ConclusionKXS decoction， powders， and granules can improve the learning and memory ability of rats， with granules being the most effective. The mechanism of action may involve activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway， improvement of the mitochondrial function， and subsequent amelioration of the brain energy metabolism disorders.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active moiety of both mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), serves as a primary immunosuppressant for maintaining solid organ transplants. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) enhances treatment outcomes through tailored approaches. This study aimed to develop an evidence-based guideline for MPA TDM, facilitating its rational application in clinical settings. The guideline plan was drawn from the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Using the Delphi method, clinical questions and outcome indicators were generated. Systematic reviews, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence quality evaluations, expert opinions, and patient values guided evidence-based suggestions for the guideline. External reviews further refined the recommendations. The guideline for the TDM of MPA (IPGRP-2020CN099) consists of four sections and 16 recommendations encompassing target populations, monitoring strategies, dosage regimens, and influencing factors. High-risk populations, timing of TDM, area under the curve (AUC) versus trough concentration (C₀), target concentration ranges, monitoring frequency, and analytical methods are addressed. Formulation-specific recommendations, initial dosage regimens, populations with unique considerations, pharmacokinetic-informed dosing, body weight factors, pharmacogenetics, and drug‍-‍drug interactions are covered. The evidence-based guideline offers a comprehensive recommendation for solid organ transplant recipients undergoing MPA therapy, promoting standardization of MPA TDM, and enhancing treatment efficacy and safety.
Mycophenolic Acid/administration & dosage* ; Drug Monitoring/methods* ; Humans ; Organ Transplantation ; Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage* ; Delphi Technique

Colorectal tumorigenesis generally progresses from adenoma to adenocarcinoma, accompanied by dynamic changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). A randomized controlled trial has confirmed the efficacy and safety of Shen-Bai-Jie-Du decoction (SBJDD) in preventing colorectal tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate the dynamic evolution of the TME and validated cell infiltration with multiplex immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Bulk RNA sequencing was utilized to assess the underlying mechanisms. Our results constructed the mutually verifiable single-cell transcriptomic atlases in Apc ^Min/+ mice and clinical patients. There was a marked accumulation of CCL22⁺ dendritic cells (DCs) and an enhanced immunosuppressive action, which SBJDD and berberine reversed. Combined treatment with cholesterol and lipopolysaccharide induced characteristic gene expression of CCL22⁺ DCs, which may represent "exhausted DCs". Intraperitoneal injection of these DCs after SBJDD treatment eliminated its therapeutic effects. TMEM131 derived CCL22⁺ DCs generation by TNF signaling pathway and may be a potential target of berberine in retarding colorectal tumorigenesis. These findings emphasize the role of exhausted DCs and the regulatory mechanisms of SBJDD and berberine in colorectal cancer (CRC), suggesting that the multi-component properties of SBJDD may help restore TME homeostasis and offer novel cancer therapy.

Galectin-9 （Gal-9） is a member of the galectin family that can specifically recognize and bind to galactosides. Recent studies have shown that Gal-9 is highly expressed in the liver and can help to maintain intrahepatic immune homeostasis and perform biological functions in various liver diseases. This article reviews the immunomodulatory functions of Gal-9 and its role in different liver diseases. Studies have shown that Gal-9 has important biological functions in different liver diseases through multiple pathways. Research on the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms and functions of Gal-9 may help to discover the therapeutic role of Gal-9 in liver diseases.

Huangqin Decoction is a classic formula published in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Famous Prescriptions(the Sec-ond Batch).This paper systematically collates,researches and analyzes the ancient and modern clinical literature that records Huan-gqin Decoction,sorts out key issues such as the prescription origin,composition,medicine origin,processing method,usage and dos-age,efficacy and indications of Huangqin Decoction,and performs predictive analysis on its quality markers(Q-Marker)to provide lit-erature and theoretical support for the clinical application and preparation development of Huangqin Decoction from the entire process of textual research-preparation development-quality evaluation.After analysis and research,it is found that Huangqin Decoction is de-rived from Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Cold Damage.It consists of Scutellaria baicalensis,Radix Paeoniae Alba,and Glycyrrhiza,with Jujube serving as the guiding herb.The medicine origin follows the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Scutellaria ba-icalensis and Radix Paeoniae Alba are taken in the raw form;Glycyrrhiza is lightly fried and Jujubes with sliced pieces.The doasge of medicine is 11.19 of Scutellaria baicalensis,7.46 g of Radix Paeoniae Alba and Glycyrrhiza,and jujubes are added or subtracted ac-cording to the situation.The method of preparation and administration is that all herbs are added with 2 000 mL of water,decocting to 600 mL.The decoction can be consumed warm 3 times a day at any suitable time.The formula was commonly used in ancient times for dysentery,but now it is also used for other digestive system diseases such as ulcerative colitis and chronic colitis,which are mainly characterized by diarrhea.The suggested Q-markers for Huangqin Decoction are baicalin,baicalein,wogonin,paeoniflorin,glycyrrhi-zin and glycyrrhizic acid.

Objective To evaluate the agreement of four common HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)kits in the patients with antinuclear antibody(ANA)-associated rheumatic immune diseases(AARD)and the patients with non-autoimmune diseases(NAD).Methods The experiment in this study included two stages.In stage 1,the serum samples were randomly selected from 134 patients,and ANAs were detected by IFA at Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from Janu-ary to June 2023.All of the samples were tested using four kinds of HEp-2 IFA kits,and the consistency of qualitative results was eval-uated by statistical analysis.The kit exhibited highest positive rate was defined as Kit X.In the stageⅡ,a total of 554 serum samples(from 218 AARD and 336 NAD patients)with positive results detected by initial screening of reagent X were selected during the same period,and then the samples were tested by the other three HEp-2 IFA kits.The patterns and titers of ANA were recorded,and a semi-quantitative evaluation system was established.The reproducibility of different patterns of ANA and the consistency of the results among varying clinical characteristics,fluorescence reaction intensities and positive reaction sites in nucleus was statistically analyzed.Results There were no significant differences of qualitative results among the results from four kits(P＞0.05).The highest positive rate ap-peared in the kit m(45.86%)which was deemed as the initial screening kit X.Significant differences in the consistency of ANA pat-terns were observed.The reproducibility scores of centromeric pattern and granular pattern were higher than those of homogeneous pat-tern,dense fine speckled pattern,nuclear cytoplasmic mixed pattern and other mixed pattern with significant difference(P＜0.05).The reproducibility score of simple pattern was higher than that of mixed patterns(P＜0.05).In the nucleoplasmic region,the consistency score of the AARD group was higher than that of NAD group(P＜0.01).The consistency scores of each reaction site increased with the rise of the intensity of reaction.In the three reaction parts(nucleoplasm,nucleolus and equatorial plate),the scores between the weak and strong fluorescence reaction intensity groups showed significant differences(P＜0.001).The lowest consistency score occurred in cytoplasmic region.Conclusion The clinical interpretation for IFA ANA reports should be more cautious for the results showing weak fluorescence intensity,mixed patterns,and staining positive cytoplasmic sites.For the choice for reagents,the clinical laboratories should be also mindful of the impacts of fluorescent secondary antibodies of anti-human immunoglobulin on the test results.The develop-ment of standardized official guidelines for the manufacture of HEp-2 IFA kits should be crucial initiative for enhancing the consistency of ANA detection and promoting mutual recognition for the results between laboratories.

Objective To observe the effect of tuina on glutamate uptake and synaptic cleft in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with neuropathic pain through astrocyte NDRG2/GLT-1 pathway,and to explore the potential analgesic mechanism of tuina on neuropathic pain.Methods A total of 54 SD rats were randomly divided into naive group,model group and tuina group(n=18).The CCI model was established in the model group,and the tuina group was treated with acupressure at"Weizhong"(BL 40)from the 4th day after CCI model was successfully established for 14 days.The changes of paw withdrawal threshold at different time points were observed to evaluate the analgesic effect of tuina.Immunofluorescence was used to observe the co-expression of NDRG2?GLT-1 and astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn.The mRNA levels of NDRG2 and GLT-1 in astrocytes were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction.The concentrations of glutamate in synaptic cleft were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.The width of the synaptic cleft was observed by transmission electron microscopy.Results Compared with the naive group,the paw withdrawal threshold in the CCI group decreased continuously(P<0.01).The number of NDRG2 and GFAP co-labeling positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn increased significantly(P<0.01),and the number of GLT-1 and GFAP co-labeled positive cells was significantly reduced(P<0.01).NDRG2 mRNA expression was up-regulated and GLT-1 mRNA expression decreased in astrocytes(P<0.01).The concentrations of glutamate increased significantly(P<0.01);The synaptic cleft was significantly narrowed(P<0.05).After tuina intervention,the above trend was significantly reversed.Compared with the model group,the paw withdrawal threshold of the tuina group increased from 11 days after CCI(P<0.01),the number of NDRG2 and GFAP co-labeling positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly reduced(P<0.01),and the number of GLT-1 and GFAP co-labeled positive cells increased significantly(P<0.01);down-regulated the expression of NDRG2 mRNA and restored GLT-1 mRNA expression in astrocytes(P<0.01);decreased glutamate concentration in synaptic cleft(P<0.05),the synaptic cleft was relatively widened(P<0.05).Conclusion Tuina alleviates pain in CCI rats at the spinal cord level possibly by promoting the uptake of glutamate by NDRG2/GLT-1 pathway in astrocytes,restoring the width of synaptic cleft and reversing synaptic plasticity.

AIM:To investigate the therapeutic effect of enteric-coated sustained-release new dosage form of tadalafil on mice with renal fibrosis caused by unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO).METHODS:Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups randomly:sham group,UUO group,UUO+new dosage form of tadalafil(1 mg/kg)group and UUO+original patented drug of tadalafil(5 mg/kg)group.Surgery was performed to create a mouse UUO model,and therapeutic drugs were administered intragastrically for 7 d after modeling.A fully automated biochemi-cal analyzer was used to detect serum creatinine(SCr)levels of each group.Through renal histopathological staining(HE staining,Masson trichrome staining,and immunohistochemistry staining)and Western blot,we assessed the therapeutic effect of enteric-coated sustained-release new dosage forms of tadalafil on kidney fibrosis in mice,as well as its effect on the expression and distribution of fibronectin(FN)and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).RESULTS:Compared with sham group,the SCr levels were significantly increased in mice with renal fibrosis,and renal tubules were dilated and in-filtrated with inflammation.Moreover,the expressions of FN and α-SMA were increased significantly(P<0.05).New dosage form and the original patented drug tadalafil both significantly reduced SCr levels in mice with renal fibrosis,im-proved the renal tissue structure on the affected side,reduced collagen fiber deposition,and inhibited FN and α-SMA ex-pression(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Enteric-coated sustained-release new dosage form of tadalafil reduces the deposit of extracellular matrix in kidney interstitial tissue and attenuates fibrosis and renal function damage caused by ureteral ob-struction.New dosage form of tadalafil has significant advantages over the original patented drug because the low dose and high effectiveness.