Graves’ disease is a common cause of hyperthyroidism. Treatment options for Graves’ disease include antithyroid medication, surgery or radioactive iodine (I-31) or RAI. This review will focus on the approach to RAI therapy; discussing dose selection, patient preparation, and consideration before and after administering RAI, examining aspects of pre-treatment with antithyroid medication as well as discussing possible adverse events including hypothyroidism and possible worsening of thyroidassociated opthalmopathy. Follow-up is lifelong with the aim of ensuring the patient remains euthyroid or on replacement therapy if there is evidence of hypothyroidism. While there are controversies in treatment of thyrotoxicosis with RAI, with appropriate patient selection and regular follow-up, radioiodine is a safe and effective modality in achieving high cure rates.

We report a case of a 54-year-old man with severe HTG which did not respond to conventional anti lipid therapies. He was treated with intravenous insulin and concurrent dextrose infusions which led to a dramatic reduction in serum triglyceride levels.
Hypertriglyceridemia

Introduction: Frequent blood transfusions results in iron overload and lead to multiple endocrine complications. In spite of improvements in iron chelation therapy, a significant number of transfusion dependent thalassaemia (TDT) patients still develop endocrine complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of various endocrine complications in our adult TDT patients and to study the correlation with serum ferritin and liver iron concentration (LIC). Methods: A retrospective review of all TDT patients treated in Haematology Unit, Hospital Pulau Pinang (HPP) was conducted. Results: Of the 45 adult TDT patients, 22 were males and 23 were females with mean age of 28.8±6.9 years old. Majority of TDT in HPP were beta thalassemia major (71.1%), followed by E-Beta thalassemia (24.4%) and HbH-Constant Spring (4.4%). Frequency of transfusion was 3-4 weekly. 40.0% of adult TDT suffered from at least one endocrine complication. Among the adult TDT patients with endocrine complication, 50% have one endocrinopathy, 38.9% with two types of endocrinopathies and 11.1% of them have three or more types of endocrinopathies. Hypogonadism (22.2%) was the commonest endocrine complication, followed by osteoporosis (20%), hypothyroidism (13.3%), diabetes mellitus (6.7%) and hypocortisolism (4.4%). Patients with endocrine complications were significantly older. Mean serum ferritin level and LIC was higher among patients with endocrine complications but both were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Endocrinopathy is still prevalent in 40% of adult TDT patients. This leads to higher health-care resource utilization, cost and significant morbidities among patients with TDT. Therefore, regular monitoring and early detection with intensification of chelation therapy is essential.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the severity of COVID-19, inflammatory parameters and clinical outcomes among patients with normal and subnormal levels of Vitamin D. Methodology: This is a retrospective cohort study of 135 patients admitted in a tertiary hospital for COVID-19. Patients were grouped according to their Vitamin D level. Primary outcome measure was the composite of all-cause mortality and morbidity. Other outcome measures determined were the comparison among the groups on the severity of COVID-19 infection, changes in inflammatory parameters, length of hospital stay and duration of respiratory support. Results: There was a significant trend of higher ICU admission, mortality (p-value= 0.006) and poor clinical outcome (p-value=0.009) among the Vitamin D deficient group. No significant difference was found for most of the inflammatory parameters, duration of hospital stay and respiratory support. Overall, patients with deficient, but not insufficient Vitamin D level had 6 times higher odds of composite poor outcome than those with normal Vitamin D (crude OR=5.18, p-value= 0.003; adjusted OR =6.3, p-value=0.043). Conclusion The inverse relationship between Vitamin D level and poor composite outcome observed in our study suggests that low Vitamin D may be a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients admitted for COVID-19.
type 2 diabetes mellitus ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver disease

Introduction: Previous studies have suggested that young individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) face challenges in achieving optimal diabetes self-management, leading to difficulties in attaining the recommended glycaemic target. The reasons behind these suboptimal practices remain unclear due to the limited number of studies conducted in Malaysia that focused on diabetes self-management among young people. This qualitative study aimed to understand the lived experience of young people with T2DM on self-management in Malaysia. Methods: Young people at the age of 10 to 24 years, who had been diagnosed with T2DM and the caregivers who managing young people with T2DM were interviewed. Data were thematically analysed with the aid of QSR NVivo version 12. Results: Sixteen young informants and eleven caregivers participated in this study. Three major themes conceptualised the lived experience of diabetes self-management: (1) the trajectory to T2DM diagnosis; (2) perceived causes of T2DM; (3) the efforts in diabetes self-management. The route of diagnosis and experiential knowledge about T2DM might determine their efforts in the self-management among the young people. Healthy eating, medication taking and physical activity were perceived as important tasks in diabetes self-management. The involvement of the caregivers in diabetes self-management evolved over time. Conclusion: The study highlighted the experience of young people and caregivers since the beginning of the diagnosis and their strategies in diabetes self-management. More understanding of the lived experiences of patients and caregivers in disease management within the socio-ecological context could help to improve health-care services and intervention for this population.