The goal of medical education is to train good doctors.Only by understanding the trend of medical education development,call medical schools effectively promote educational reform and improve the quality of medical education.In this paper,we analyze the trend of course plans,teaching content,teaching strategies and the evaluation mode of the domestic and international medical education reform and development,introduce the ideas and practices in reform of management system,training pattern,course plans and assessment methods based on the education platform of"mutual promotion of teaching and research,mutual integration of medicine and humanities and simultaneous improvement of knowledge and ability"in Chongqing Medical University.

To explore the effect of insulin therapy on serum level of insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.The results showed that serum IGF-I level increased[(126.70±51.91 vs 90.04±43.68)μg/L,P<0.01]and was positively correlated with insulin level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after exogenous insulin therapy(r=0.298,P<0.05).

BACKGROUND:A number of studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can survive in the infarcted myocardium and improve cardiac function. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of al ogeneic rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on heart failure in acute myocardial infarction models of rats and possible mechanisms. METHODS:Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from the bone marrow of 39 male Wistar rats by density gradient centrifugation with Percol . After ligating anterior descending coronary artery, 39 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, n=12), mesenchyma stem cells group (n=15) and mononuclear cells group (n=12). Eight weeks later, hemodynamics and left ventricular function were measured. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, left ventricular relative weight, the col agen volume fraction of type I and type III in the infarction zone of the left ventricle were al significantly decreased, in contrast to ±dp/dtmax,-dp/dtmax/left ventricular systolic pressure, body weight and vascular density in infarction zone were al significantly increased both in mesenchymal stem cells group and mononuclear cells group. There were no significant differences between two treatment groups except for interventricular septal thickness and vascular density in non-infarction zone. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine positive cells were observed in the infarction area of mesenchyma stem cells group but no positive cells in mononuclear cells group. Some bal-like cellmasses were found positively stained with desmin and cardiac troponin T. Results have suggested that embedded bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells survived in exogenous host hearts. The therapy of mononuclear cells and mesenchymal stem cells could limit the left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction and improve left ventricular function through angiogenesis inducing and col agen deposition decreasing.

Objective To observe the growth characteristics and multi-time dynamic contrast-enhanced MR(DCE-MR)findings of rabbit VX2 liver tumor on MR imaging, and to provide a reliable basis for the values of MR in assessment of non-surgical treatment effect of rabbit VX2 liver tumor.Methods 10 rabbit VX2 liver tumor models were established by liver tissue embedding through laparotomy under direct vision and DCE-MRI scaning was performed at the 2nd,3rd,4th and 5th week after establishment.The tumor volume (V)and tumor growth rate (TGR)were calculated at different time points and the signal characteristics were analyzed on MR imaging;then all the rabbits were excuted and HE staining were performed to observe the cancer cells in different places with microscope.Results The TGR at the 3rd week after establishment (404.16%±114.64%)was significantly higher than that at the 4th week (223.49%±65.90%)(t=3.417,P<0.05).The tumors with well-boundary were rim-like enhanced significantly and the central parts were not enhanced on DCE-MR imaging,and the parts between the edge and centre of tumors were heterogeneously mild enhanced. The HE staining results showed that 6 cases of tumor were squamous cell carcinoma and the cells were distributed densely in the edge,the cancer cells and necrosis were distributed equally in the parts between the edge and centre of tumors and the centre of tumors were necrosis parts.Conclusion The rabbit VX2 liver tumor grows rapidly at the 3rd week after establishment, and its histological features can be better reflected by DCE-MRI.

Two p-phenylenediamine (p-PD)-imprinted polymers, P (MAA) and P (AA), were synthesized using methacrylic acid (MAA) and acrylamide(AA) as functional monomer, respectively, in order to prepare molecular recognition material with high selectivity for p-PD and explore the feasibility of methods such as molecular spectrometry and computational approach of quantum chemistry for the selection of functional mono mer with high imprinting efficiency.The molecular recognition properties of the imprinted polymers were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography.The results indicated that P(AA) exhibited no imprint ing effect for p-PD, while P(MAA) can bind p-PD selectively(k' =3.57), which showed remarkable imprint ing effect (IF=2.95), and p-PD and its analogues o-phenylenediamine and p-aminobenzoic acid can almost realize baseline separation on P (MAA) column in the mobile phase of methanol.Furthermore, we made a comparative study on the interaction of p-PD with MAA and AA by spectroscopic techniques such as UV and fluorometry as well as HF/6-31G~* computational approach.The results demonstrated that the complex of p-PD-MAA was more stable than that of p-PD-AA, which can give a good explanation for the molecular recog nition properties of P (MAA) and P (AA).The study indicated that both molecular spectrometry (UV and fluorometry)and computational approach of quantum chemistry can be employed as efficient means for the selection of efficient functional monomer.The results showed that fluorometry is sensitive and convenient for the choice of functional monomer if the template molecule is fluorescent.

Objective To analyze the protein expression and subcellular distribution of mechanogrowth factor (MGF) in ostcoblasts under stretch stimulation. Methods Cyclic stretching was applied to osteohlasts by a mechanical stretching device. The whole-cell proteins were extracted from controlled and stretched osteoblasts for detecting the protcin expression level of MGF by Western blot and observing the intracellular distribution of MGF by fluorescent immunocytological method. Results Western blot showed significant increase of expression of MGF in osteoblasts under stimulation of cyclic stretching. The level of protein was increased by four folds after 12-hour stretching of osteohlasts, and then declined sharply. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that MGF was mainly distributed in the nuclei of osteoblasts. ConcinsionsUnder the cyclic stimulation, the expression of MGF reaches a short period of peak in osteoblasts, which may be related to the injury of osteoblasts caused by stretching. MGF is mainly distributed in the nuclei of osteoblasts, indicating that MGF may contain nuclear localization signal and modulate the expression of relative genes.

Gap junctions mediate direct communication between cells; however, toxicological cascade triggered by nonessential metals can abrogate cellular signaling mediated by gap junctions. Although cadmium (Cd) is known to induce apoptosis in organs and tissues, the mechanisms that underlie gap junction activity in Cd-induced apoptosis in BRL 3A rat liver cells has yet to be established. In this study, we showed that Cd treatment decreased the cell index (a measure of cellular electrical impedance) in BRL 3A cells. Mechanistically, we found that Cd exposure decreased expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), increased expression of p-Cx43 and elevated intracellular free Ca2+ concentration, corresponding to a decrease in gap junctional intercellular communication. Gap junction blockage pretreatment with 18β-glycyrrhizic acid (GA) promoted Cd-induced apoptosis, involving changes in expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and the mitochondrial transmembrane electrical potential (Δψm). Additionally, GA was found to enhance ERK and p38 activation during Cd-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, but had no significant effect on JNK activation. Our results indicated the apoptosis-related proteins and the ERK and p38 signaling pathways may participate in gap junction blockage promoting Cd-induced apoptosis in BRL 3A cells.
Animals ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Cadmium/*toxicity ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Communication/drug effects ; Connexin 43/genetics ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Gap Junctions/*drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Hepatocytes/cytology/*drug effects ; Rats ; Signal Transduction/drug effects

Levetiracetam (LEV) is the second generation of broad-spectrum antiepileptic drugs. Compared with other antiepileptic drugs, LEV has unique antiepileptic mechanism, good efficacy and tolerance, and its target is synaptic vesicle protein 2A. With the widespread use of LEV, more and more adverse reactions have been reported, especially mental related adverse reactions. This paper reviewed the research progress of LEV pharmacogenomics related targets, metabolism, adverse reaction related genetic variation and efficacy prediction, so as to provide decision-making for the application of LEV individualized treatment in clinical practice, improve the quality of life of epileptic patients and reduce the disease burden of patients with epilepsy.

Olfactory epithelium, which detects and transmits odor signals, is critical for the function of olfactory system. Olfactory epithelium is able to recover spontaneously after injury under normal circumstances, but this ability is dampened in certain diseases or senility, which causes olfactory dysfunction. The olfactory epithelium consists of basal cells, sustentacular cells and olfactory sensory neurons. In order to develop an olfactory epithelial organoid containing multiple olfactory cell types in vitro, we used three-dimensional culture model and small molecules screening. This organoid system consists of horizontal basal-like cells, globose basal-like cells, sustentacular-like cells and olfactory sensory neurons-like cells. Through statistical analysis of clone diameter, immunofluorescence staining and qPCR detection of the expression level of related marker genes. We identified a series of growth factors and small molecule compounds that affected the proliferation, composition and gene expression of the organoids. CHIR-99021, an activator of Wnt signaling pathway, increased the colony formation and proliferation rate of olfactory epithelial organoids and the expression level of marker genes of olfactory sensory neurons-like cells. In addition, each factor in the culture system increased the proportion of c-Kit-positive globose basal-like cell colonies in organoids. Moreover, EGF and vitamin C were both beneficial to the expression of horizontal basal-like cell marker genes in organoids. The established olfactory epithelial organoid system mimicked the process of olfactory epithelial stem cells differentiating into various olfactory epithelial cell types, thus providing a research model for studying olfactory epithelial tissue regeneration, the pathological mechanism of olfactory dysfunction and drug screening for olfactory dysfunction treatment.
Humans ; Olfactory Mucosa/metabolism* ; Epithelial Cells ; Organoids/metabolism* ; Olfaction Disorders/metabolism*

Objective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil + calcium folinate + oxaliplatin) hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (FOLFOX-HAIC) combined with immune and targeted therapy as triple combination therapy for patients with single China Liver Cancer Staging (CNLC) Ⅰb hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods:A total of 20 patients with single CNLC Ⅰb hepatocellular carcinoma who received FOLFOX-HAIC combined with immune and targeted therapy as triple combination therapy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from October 2021 to August 2022 were included. The clinical data of all patients was retrospectively analyzed. There were 18 males and 2 females, with the age of (55.1±9.9) years. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 and Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) were used to evaluate the efficacy of FOLFOX-HAIC combined with immune and targeted therapy, and the clinical safety of triple combination therapy was evaluated by common terminology criteria for adverse events 4.0.Results:According to RECIST 1.1, objective response rate of 20 patients was 70.0% (14/20) and disease control rate was 100.0% (20/20) after 2 cycles of treatment (one cycle of FOLFOX-HAIC plus programmed death-1 antibody). According to mRECIST, objective response rate was 90.0% (18/20) and the disease control rate was 100.0% (20/20) after 2 cycles of treatment. Following the treatment, 12 patients (60.0%) received liver tumor resection, and all of them achieved R 0 resection, 2 patients (10.0%) received radiotherapy, 3 patients (15.0%) stopped drug treatment for surgery, 2 patients (10.0%) refused surgery, and 1 patient (5.0%) died of multiple organ failure caused by immune hepatitis. According to pathological results, 3 patients (25.0%, 3/12) achieved pathological complete response, and 4 patients (33.3%, 4/12) achieved major pathological response. In the safety evaluation, the overall incidence of adverse events was 100.0% (20/20). Seven patients (35.0%) had grade 3 adverse events and 1 patient (5.0%) died of multiple organ failure due to immune hepatitis (grade 5). Grade 1-3 adverse events could be relieved after symptomatic treatment. Conclusion:The triple combination therapy of FOLFOX-HAIC combined with immune and targeted therapy is safe and has high objective response rate and disease control rate, which could be a new strategy for the neoadjuvant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.