An introduction to the contemporary studies on the norms of medical service items pricing in China, and the regulatory role to be played by the Norms of Medical Service Items Pricing in China in the health reform. The paper comes up with the following recommendations for improving the existing pricing system of medical services as follows: 1) "Item-based pricing" is the basis for other medical payments; 2) Training of the trainers in the provinces to ensure correct implementation of the Norms; 3) Establishment of a catalogue for special medical consumables to enhance consumables management; 4) Establishment of a nationwide indexing system for medical service items pricing; 5) In-depth study on the medical payment models satisfying China's specifics; 6) Establishment of clinical treatment norms for individual disciplines; 7) Establishment of a coding system compliant with international standards.

Interpreted in the paper are the National Pricing Schedules for Medical Services(2012 Edition,the Schedulesfor short)and the policy cohesion,cautions in implementation and adj ustment strategies.The authors analyzed the following:1.Strict observation of the 9 360 ultimate items in the 2012 edition without any breakdown;2.Pricing by mainstream consumables and mainstream methodsin consideration of local specifics;3.Correct understanding of the services and pricing in view of local specifics;4.Scientific and reasonable pricing of the services,with due considerations for financial burden of the patients especially those poverty stricken;5 .Correct communication of the service pricing adj ustment extents;6 .Building of medical consumables inventory for provincial management of such consumables.These provide references for the localities in implementation of the 2012 edition.

Pro.Shan Zhaowei is the well-known expert of splenic-gastric disease,learning from famous teacher,with rich experience and good skill,strict with drugs administration,esp.in clinically applying rutaceae and other drugs regulating Qi flow.

Objective To investigate the relationship between Methotrexate (MTX) and its cognitive dysfunction,and to explore the possible mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by MTX.Methods Thirty healthy male SD rats weighting 180-220 g were divided into 3 groups using random number table:control group,60 mg/kg MTX (MTX60) group and 100 mg/kg MTX (MTXt00) group,with 10 rats in each group.The rats in MTX60 group,MTX100 group received 60 mg/kg MTX and 100 mg/kg MTX,respectively.The rats in control group accepted the same volume of 9 g/L saline injection as MTX group.Spatial memory of rats was evaluated by using Morris water maze test at different time points after pretreatment with MTX.After the Morris water maze test,the hippocampus were harvested and the expressions of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP),cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 12(caspase-12) and cleave cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (cleaved caspase-3) were detected by using Western blot.Meanwhile,cell apoptosis and pathological change of hippocampal neurons were detected by terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) assay and HE staining respectively.Results In the Morris water maze test,the time in platform quadrant of rats in MTX60 group and MTX100 group was shorter than that of rats in control group during probe training [(27.30 ±3.98) s and (21.63 ±4.22) s vs (33.30 ±6.31) s,F =13.94,P ＜0.05],and the time in target quadrant of MTX100 group was shorter than that of MTX60 group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the control group,there were degenerated neurons in hippocampus cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) area in MTX60 group and MTX100 group.The number of TUNEL-positive cells of the hippocampus CA1 area increased significantly in MTX60 group and MTX100 group rats [(4.72 ±0.12)％ and (9.12±0.12)％ vs (1.11 ±0.49)％,F=95.272,P ＜0.05],and the TUNEL-positive cells of rats in MTX100 group were more than those of MTX60 group (P ＜ 0.05).The expressions of CHOP,caspase-12 and cleaved caspase-3 also increased compared with the control group (CHOP:2.98 ±0.31 and 4.15 ±0.61 vs 0.38 ±0.12,F =232.74,P ＜ 0.05;caspase-12:0.33 ±0.04 and 0.43 ±0.06 vs 0.14 ±0.02,F =120.70,P ＜ 0.05;cleaved caspase-3:0.35 ± 0.04 and 0.44 ± 0.06 vs 0.05 ± 0.03,F =198.64,P ＜ 0.05),and the protein expression levels of rats in MTX100 group were higher than MTX60 group (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions MTX can induce cognitive impairment in rats,and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated hippocampal neurons apoptosis may play an important role in the mechanism of MTX-induced cognitive impairment in rats.

China ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; diagnosis

With the development of tissue engineering, a variety of forms of silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds has been applied to research of constructing variety of organization based on cells, which has become scientific focus in recent years. In this paper we introduced the source and structure of SF and the fabrication method of the scaffold, and also address the SF application progress in several relevant fields of tissue engineering, such as bone, cartilage, skin, blood vessel and nerves. Finally, we discuss the future leading prospect of the SF in order to provide reference for subsequent research.
Fibroins ; Humans ; Tissue Engineering ; Tissue Scaffolds

The Pricing and Payment Regulation on Chinese Diagnosis Related Groups (C-DRG) was designed by National Health Development Research Center,directly under the leadership of Department of Finance,NHFPC (formerly Dept.of Planning and Finance,Ministry of Health),which organized a large study group consisted of nearly 1 000 experts since 2010.It introduced the general design of C-DRG and the principles and main points of applying C-DRG system,which could be referenced by all countries in carrying out the pricing and payment reform system.

In order to raise international comprehensive medical talents to have strong competition capability,the bilingual teaching is on the rise in the domain of medical education. Questionnaire-based survey among the 5-year-proguam medicinal undergraduate students was conducted to investigate the students'learning condition,acquaintanceship and requirements on the bilingual teaching so as to further reform and explore ways to improve the quality of bilingual teaching

OBJECTIVE:To study the incidences and drug-resistance characteristics of bacteria infections that with ESBLs production for references of clinical medication.METHODS:Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from 2001to 2004 were subjected to ESBLs detection.The incidence of infection of each year was compared and the susceptibility test was performed by K-B paper disk method.RESULTS:Bacterial infection incidences caused by ESBLs-producing E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae increased year by year.Strains with ESBLs producution showed lower sensitivity to antibiotics than those without.E.coli and K.pneumoniae that with ESBLs productions showed the lowest drug resistance rates, which stood at 1.9%and 2.9%,respectively.Their drug resistances to piperacillin/tazobactam were 26.2% and 20.5%,respectively and 33.6% and 35.2%,respectively to amikacin.CONCLUSION:Carbapenem antibiotics are the optimal choice in the treatment of bacterial infections that with ESBLs production.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the meta-analysis effect of pharmaceutical care(PC)program in asthma patients in community pharmacies.METHODS:The author searched 5 electronic databases(China Journal Net,Academic Search Premier(ASP),Blackwell,Elsevier,John Wiley)from 1999 to Mar 2006.And then the randomized controlled trials by the intervention measures of the medicine consultation and health education were made,Moreover,the literatures were selected by 2 valuators.A meta-analysis was conducted by means of Review Manager 4.2 software.RESULTS:We included 4 randomized controlled trials,1 298 asthma patients,homogeneityte test result X2=1.28(P=0.73).Geostatistical analysis is made by fixed effect model.As compared with the control group,the PC program increased patients'PEFRs in PC group significantly(the combined SMD=0.19,95%confidence interval:0.08～0.30(P=0.0 006).CONCLUSION:PC program in community pharmacies is an effective option in asthma prevention and treatment.The pharmaceutical care program in asthma patients in community pharmacies is effective management model of disease.