Objective To investigate the relationship between the type of gliding contusion and its mechanism with site of force.Methods The site undergoing contusion and ways of force are respectively determined by skull anatomy location and details of these cases.Then,the 132 specimens of brain,which have been fixed by formalin,are sliced in coronal section and sagittal section and stained with HE,observed under microscope.ResultsGliding brain contusion could appeared at the top and bottom region of brain respectively.Top-injury type,were observed in 65 cases(49.24%),base-injury type,were found in 38 cases(28.78%).There were 29 cases(21.96%) in which contusion could be found at both top and base of brain,we called mixed type.We found that the injury area depend on the ways of force-act:the top-injury type mostly caused by the force on cupular part of pars zygomatica in acceleration,the base-injury type mainly caused by the force on occipitalia in deceleration and the mixed type caused by the force on the boundry of the calvaria and occipital in deceleration.Conclusion The type of gliding contusion is relevant with mechanism and site of force.

Objective To explore the effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid(PBA) on cognitive dysfunction after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and underlying mechanisms.Methods 62 male Sprague Dawley rats in clean degree were divided into sham group(n=14),chronic cerebral ischemia group(bilateral carotid arteries occlusion,2VO group,n=24),and chronic cerebral ischemia with PBA treatment(2VO+PBA group,n=24).The chronic cerebral ischemia models were produced by the occlusion of bilateral common caroid artery for 1 month.During the hypoperfusion,the rats were injected intraperitoneally with 11.25 mg · ml-1 PBA(90 mg · kg-1 · d-1) or equal volume of saline once a day for 3 days followed by every other day for 27 days.Learning and memory abilities were tested by Morris water maze and novel object recognition test.The expression and distribution of NR2A in hippocampus were examined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Results Morris water maze test showed that the 2VO group had significantly longer latent time than sham group in searching platform (P＜0.01) (from 2nd day to 7th day latency time),and the 2VO+PBA group had dramatically shorter latent time than 2VO group (2nd,5th,6th,7th (P＜0.01),3rd(P＜0.05)).Then the rats' memory test showed that 2VO group spent markedly longer time than sham group to reach the location of the former platform(P＜0.01),but the 2VO+PBA group spent dramatically shorter latent time than 2VO group (P＜0.01).The novel object recognition test showed the exploration ratio and discrimination index of novel object in 2VO group were noticeably smaller than that in sham group (P＜0.01),but the exploration ratio and discrimination index of novel object in 2VO+PBA group were noticeably higher than that in 2VO group (P＜0.01).The Western blot data showed that the level of NR2A in 2VO group was significantly lower than that in sham group (P＜0.01),but the level of NR2A in 2VO+PBA group was significantly higher than that in 2VO group (P＜0.05).The level of NR2B in hippocampus of 2VO group had no significant difference with sham group and 2VO+PBA group (P＞0.05).Immunohistochemistry data was consistent with the data of Western blot for NR2A level and distribution.The ratio of p-CREB/total CREB in 2VO group(0.62±0.04) was remarkably lower than that in sham group(1.00±0.07),but the ratio of p-CREB/total CREB in 2VO+PBA group(0.97±0.07) was remarkably higher than that in 2VO group(P＜0.01).Conclusion NR2A reduction is associated with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced cognitive impairment,which is rescued by the PBA treatment.It suggests that PBA may have a therapeutic effect on preventing chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced cognitive impairment.

Objective To investigate the effects of penehyclidine (PHCD) pretreatment on nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-kB ) activity during lipopolysaccharide ( LPS )-induced acute lung injury ( ALl ) in neonate rats.Methods Thirty 7-day old Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 18-21 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =10 each): group Ⅰ control (group C); group Ⅱ LPS; group Ⅲ PHCD. Group Ⅱ and Ⅲ received intraperitoneal ( group IP) LPS 3 mg/kg. In group Ⅲ PHCD 5 mg/kg was administered IP at 30 min before LPS respectively. The animals were killed at 4 h after LPS administration. The lungs were immediately removed. The W/D lung weight ratio was measured. The TNF-α, IL-1 βand IL-10 content in the lung were detected by ELISA and expression of NF-kB p65 was detected by immuno-histochemical staining.Results LPS significantly increased W/D lung weight ratio, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-10 content and NF-kB p65 expression in the lung as compared with control group. PHCD administered before LPS significantly attenuated the LPS-induced changes. Electron microscopy showed that PHCD before LPS significandy ameliorated the LPS-induced histological damages. Conclusion Pretreatment with PHCD can attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury though inhibition of NF-kB activation and inflammatory response of lung tissue in neonate rats.

AIM To study the effects of A? 25～35 and Apo E4 on neuronal intracellular free Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i). METHODS Hippocampal and cortical neurons suspension of newborn(0～3 days) SD rats was produced. After incubated with fura 2/AM,the neurons suspension was divided into four groups: control, A? 25～35 , Apo E4, A? 25～35 +Apo E4. Each groups [Ca 2+ ] i was measured using a RF 5000 dual wavelength spectrofluorometer after incubated with double distilled water, A? 25～35 , Apo E4, A? 25～35 +Apo E4 for 3 min, respectively. The neurons outocorrelation function(ACF) of the scattering light intersity was analyzed by the microscope quasi elastic light scattering(MQLS) technique The frequency shift line width by ACF. The ? can sympolize the cell menbrane flilidity. RESULTS Both A? 25～35 and Apo E4 could significantly enhance hippocampal and cortical neurons rest [Ca 2+ ] i, furthermore, the effect of 5 ?mol?L -1 A? 25～35 was higher than the effect of 1 ?mol?L -1 A? 25～35 ( P

AIM　To study the effects of Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 on neuronal intracellular free Ca2+(［Ca2+］i). METHODS　Hippocampal and cortical neurons suspension of newborn(0～3 days) SD rats was produced. After incubated with fura-2/AM,the neurons suspension was divided into four groups: control, Aβ25～35, Apo E4, Aβ25～35+Apo E4. Each groups ［Ca2+］i was measured using a RF-5000 dual wavelength spectrofluorometer after incubated with double distilled water, Aβ25～35, Apo E4, Aβ25～35+Apo E4 for 3 min, respectively. The neurons outocorrelation function(ACF) of the scattering light intersity was analyzed by the microscope quasi-elastic light scattering(MQLS) technique The frequency shift line width by ACF. The Γ can sympolize the cell menbrane flilidity. RESULTS　Both Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 could significantly enhance hippocampal and cortical neurons rest ［Ca2+］i, furthermore, the effect of 5 μmol*L-1 Aβ25～35 was higher than the effect of 1 μmol*L-1 Aβ25～35 (P<0.05), and they also amplified KCl-induced rise in ［Ca2+］i in hippocampal and cortical neurons(P<0.05). The interaction of Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 could also significantly enhance hippocampal and cortical neurons rest ［Ca2+］i andamplified KCl-induced rise in ［Ca2+］i in hippocampal and cortical neurons(P<0.05), but they had no synergic or additive effect.The frequency shift line widith Γ of both hippocampal and cortical neurons were decreased by both Aβ25-35 and ApoE4. CONCLUSION　Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 could enhance neuronal intracellular free Ca2+, amd decrease meirpma; ,e,brame f;iodotu. But their interaction had no synergic or additive effect. It suggested that the amplified effect of Aβ25～35 and Apo E4 on neuronal ［Ca2+］i and membane fluidity may be relative to their neurotoxity.

Objective To investigate the interaction of human testis sperm-associated antigen 4 like(SPAG4L) protein containing Sad,UNC-84(SUN) domain with nuclear envelop spectrin repeat proteins 3 (Nesprin-3) containing Klarsicht,ANC-1 and Syne homology (KASH) domain.Methods SPAC-4L protein domains were analyzed with the bioinformatics method.After the SPAG4L plasmid was transfected into Ntera-2 cells,the subcellular localization of SPAG4L was observed.The interaction of SPAG4L with Nesprin-3 was determined by immunofluorescence,co-immunoprecipitation(co-IP) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) technology,respectively.Results Bioinformatics analysis results showed that there was a transmembrane structure in SPAG4L protein.Subcellular localization results demonstrated that SPAG4L protein located in the nuclear membrane and cytoplasm.Immunofluorescence,Co-IP,and BiFC results showed that there was an interaction between SPAG4L and Nesprin-3,and that a LINC(linkers of the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeletan) complex was formed.Conclusion SPAG4L may interact with Nesprin-3 to form a LINC complex,which is important for understanding the function of SPAG4L protein in spermatogenesis.

Objective To systematically assess the safety of recombinant human interferon α1b(rhIFNα1b) as therapy for viral diseases in children,so as to provide on evidence-based medicine for the clinical treatment.Methods Randomized controlled trails (RCTs) of rhIFNα1b for viral diseases in children were investigated through PubMed literature retrieval service system,Science Citation Index,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,WanFang Database;RCTs were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Related data were extracted and the Meta-analysis was performed.Results Nineteen RCTs were involved,including 2 731 patients.In the overall,59/1 437 cases (4.1％) in the rhIFNα1b treatment group and 79/1 294 cases (6.1％) in the control group had adverse reactions.The Meta-analysis revealed that in the overall and in atomization inhalation subgroup,the incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the rhIFNα1b treatment group than that in the control group [Z =2.18 (P =0.03),RR =0.71(95％ CI:0.52-0.97);Z =2.44(P =0.01),RR =0.53 (95％ CI:0.32-0.88)].But,there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the rhIFNα1b treatment group and the control group in intramuscular injection subgroup,and the test for overall effect was Z =0.78 (P =0.43),RR =0.86 (95 ％ CI:0.58-1.26).The incidence of adverse reactions of the control group was significantly higher than that of the rhIFNα1b treatment group in gastrointestinal adverse reaction [Z =2.20 (P =0.03),RR =0.60 (95 ％ CI:0.39-0.95)],and the incidence of adverse reactions of the rhIFNα1b treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group in nervous system symptoms [Z=2.09(P=0.04),RR =4.28(95％ CI:1.10-16.72)].Conclusion Compared with other antiviral drugs,the treatment of pediatric common viral diseases with rhIFNα1 b has good safety,low incidence of adverse reactions,and the incidence of adverse reactions through atomization inhalation can be lower than that of intramuscular injection.

AIM: To investigate the influence of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) on c-jun expressions and motoneurons survival following root avulsion. METHODS: One hundred and eighty adult Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into control and EGb761 groups. Immediately after avulsion of C5-T1 nerve roots, the rats were injected ip with either 1 mL of EGb761 25 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1) or the same volume of normal saline, and the treatment repeated everyday. At 4 h to 6 weeks following avulsion, the C7 spinal segments of all rats were collected and prepared for c-jun immunocytochemistry and neutral red stain. The numbers of (c-jun) positive and survival motoneurons were counted and compared between two groups at each time point. RESULTS: In control rats following avulsion, c-jun positive motoneurons appeared at 4 h, reached its maximum at 1 d and declined to 2 weeks. Avulsion-induced motoneurons death started at 2 weeks, climbed to its maximum at 4 weeks-6 weeks. In EGb761 treated rats, both numbers of c-jun positive and survival motoneurons were more than that in control group at each time point. CONCLUSION: EGb761 attenuates avulsion-induced motoneurons death, and this effect may be related to up-regulation of c-jun gene in avulsed motoneurons. [

AIM and METHODS: The ratio of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion was measured to find the relationship between mtDNA deletion and aged learning and memory deficit. The aged rats were divided into two groups, aged learning and memory deficit group and aged learning and memory normal group. The ratio of mtDNA deletion was measured by dilution polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: There are deleted mtDNA (about 4834 bp) in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of both young and aged rats. The ratios of deleted mtDNA were similar in the cerebral cortex,hippocampus and cerebellum of young rats (about 0.00018%). The ratio mtDNA of aged learning and memory normal rats had increased by five-fold in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, or one-fold in the cerebellum over young rats. The ratio of aged learning and memory dificit rats had increased by one-fold in the cerebral cortex or 0.8-fold in the hippocampus or two-fold in the cerebellum over aged learning and memory normal rats.CONCLUSIONS: There was really the increase of mtDNA in aging rat brain. And this increase was double in amount in aged learning and memory deficit rats compared to the normal learning and memory aged rats. It is suggested that the mtDNA deletions in the brain regions associated with learning and memory may be contributed to the cellular and molecular mechanism of learning and memory deicit with aged rats.

AIM: To investigate the pathological changes of motoneuron's function and morphology after root avulsion in order to study the neurobiology mechanism of motoneuron death. METHODS: Twenty female adult Sprague-Dawley rats, 200-300 g were used. The C 5-C 8, T 1 roots of the right brachial plexus were avulsed. All rats were killed 3 d, 5 d or 1 week after avulsion. One group of the C 5-C 8 spinal cords freeze sections (40 ?m thick) were collected for the NADPH-d histochemistry with neural red counterstained. Another group of the C 5-C 8 spinal cords freeze sections (40 ?m thick) were collected for the c-Jun immunocytochemistry stain. The paraffin sections (5 ?m thick) were collected for HE stain. The amount of NOS-positive and survival motoneurons was counted. The percentage of NOS expression and motoneuron survive were quantitatively analyzed considering the amount of contra lateral motoneurons as one hundred percent. RESULTS: The NOS expression rate was 0.74%?0.59% (3 d), 24.84%?6.73%(5 d), or 51.16%?8.67% (1 week), respectively. The survive rate was 93.00%?4.32% (3 d), 93.67%?5.27% (5 d), or 89.83%?2.65% (1 week), respectively. The motoneuron expressed c-Jun as early as 3 days after avulsion. The expression declined afterward until one week after avulsion. There was no significant change on the size of motoneuron. The nuclear membrane was still clear but some nuclei were not located in the middle of the cell body. There were some nucleoli with the chromatin condensation. CONCLUSION: The motoneuron NOS expression and cell death were increased within one week after spinal root avulsion. meanwhile, the c-jun expression was decreased. The NO/NOS may induce the motoneuron death by inhibiting the regenerating reactions of motoneuron after root avulsion injury.