In order to increase the recognition of intestinal parasitic infections in AIDS, this article reviews the common intestinal parasites co-infected in HIV carriers and AIDS patients, namely, Cryptosporidium spp., microsporidia, Giardia lamblia, and Strongyloides stercoralis, referring to aetiology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and prevention.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Luoyang City,so as to pro-vide the evidence for malaria prevention and control in this city. Methods The Epidemic situation data from network reports, as well as the case survey and the epidemiological investigation data of imported malaria were collected and analyzed in Luoyang City from 2010 to 2013. Results A total of 98 imported malaria cases were reported in Luoyang City from 2010 to 2013,includ-ing 35 cases of vivax malaria,57 cases of falciparum malaria,4 cases of ovale malaria and 2 cases of quartan malaria. All the cases were confirmed by laboratory detection. Seventy-one cases(72.44%)returned from African countries,and 27(27.55%) cases returned from Southeast Asian countries. The majority cases were young man,and 78.57%of the cases were diagnosed by different levels of centers for disease control and prevention. There was no significant seasonal variation in onset time. The medi-an time from onset to seeing doctor was 6 days. Conclusions The epidemic situation of imported malaria is quite serious in Luoyang City. It is necessary to further strengthen the professional training and multi-sectoral cooperation ,and take effective pre-vention and control measures to reduce the hazard of imported malaria.

Objective To observe the growth situation of Blastocystis hominis in vitro and select the optimal method for culti?vation of B. hominis in different media. Methods Ten positive stools with B. hominis were inoculated in three different media for cultivating,namely 1640,Jone’s medium and vitro medium. And the stools with good growth status and high quantities of B. hominis were chosen to inoculate in the three media with equal amount after subcultivation,and the number of B. hominis was counted every 24 h for ten days,and the morphological changes and growth status were also observed. Results The densities of B. hominis in the 1640 and Jone’s medium were higher than that in the vitro medium 48 h after the inoculation. The same stool sample was inoculated to the three different media and observed for ten days,and the results indicated that the growth of B. homi?nis presented regular changes in the three media,the growth peaks were on the third,sixth and ninth day post inoculation;and the density of B. hominis was the highest in the Jone’s medium. The morphology of B. hominis was the clearest and most dynamic in the vitro medium,while various reproductive forms were observed in the Jone’s medium. Conclusion Jone’s medium is suitable for the growth of B. hominis and can be the first choice for the cultivation of B. hominis in vitro,and vitro medium is the best medium for observing the growth situation of B. hominis.

Objective:To investigate the clinical application value of nano-carbon tracer technology in lymph node dissection and postoperative pathological examination in laparoscopic mid-low rectal cancer resection.Methods:Fifty-two patients with mid-low rectal cancer were randomly divided into experimental group (n=27) and control group (n=25).Before surgery,the Nano-group were injected nano activated carbon suspension liquid under the mucosa.Both groups were accepted the same principles of open colorectal cancer radical surgery.The total number of lymph nodes,number of tiny lymph nodes,number of black dye and number of metastasis lymph node confirmed by pathology in the two groups were statistical analysised.Results:There were 905 pieces of lymph node seized in two groups toally,including (20.67 ± 5.751) medals in Nano-carbon group and (13.88 ±4.466) medals in control group.Lymph node number in nano carbon group was more than control group (P＜0.01).Nano-carbon group seized 113 tiny lymph nodes,significantly higher than 49 in the control group (P＜0.05).The metastasis rate of lymph node was no significant difference in the two groups (P＞0.05).Nano-carbon group seized lymph node metastasis was no significant difference in the rate of the control group (P＞0.05).Nano-carbon group seized 341 black dyed lymph nodes and 217 not black dye lymph nodes.And 67 cases of metastasis lymph nodes in Black dye lymph nodes,15 cases of metastasis lymph nodes in not the black dye lymph nodes.The metastasis rate of black dye lymph node was higher(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Nano-carbon tracer technique can guide the surgeon to accurately lymph nodes dissection during the operation,and can add to the number of lymph nodes in the postoperative surgical specimens,improve lymph nodes in patients with colorectal cancer radical seized quantity.Nano-carbon tracer technique can ensure the accuracy of the pathological staging,there was important clinical significance to lymph node dissection in Mid-low colorectal cancer,which provide an important basis for the development of postoperative adjuvant therapy programs.

Objective To establish A1E3 and B1C4 monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for detecting circulating antigen of Schistosoma japonicum and explore its application value in the field. Methods The characteristics of A1E3 and B1C4 monoclonal antibodies were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The SEA-based ELISA was used to evaluate the titers of A1E3 and B1C4. The orthogonal test was used to determine the best concentration of coating antibody B1C4 and optimal working concentra-tion of A1E3-HRP. Under the optimal conditions,the serum samples of 20 acute schistosomiasis cases,46 chronic schistosomiasis cases,and 20 control sera were tested to evaluate its detection sensitivity and specificity. Seventy-two antibody positive serum sam-ples from Jiangling County of Hubei Province were detected and compared to a commercially available ELISA kit,to evaluate the detection effects of this method. Results The results of SDS-PAGE demonstrated that the purified A1E3 and B1C4 contained a clear heavy chain with molecular weight of 88 000 and 52 000 respectively and had the same light chain with molecular weight of 20 000;while Western blotting demonstrated that A1E3 and B1C4 could be recognized by SEA and serum samples of acute schis-tosomiasis cases. The SEA-based ELISA demonstrated the titers of B1C4 and A1E3 were 1∶105 and 1∶30 000,respectively. The serum samples from all the acute cases and 86.9% of the chronic cases showed a positive reaction. All of the control sera from healthy persons gave a negative response. The positive rates of the double monoclonal antibody ELISA and commercial ELISA for detecting the circulating antigen were 45.8%and 43.1%respectively,and there was no significant difference between the results of the two methods. Conclusion A1E3 and B1C4 monoclonal antibody-based ELISA is established successfully. It exhibits a high sensitivity and specificity in detecting circulating antigen of Schistosoma japonicum.

Objective:To evaluate the predictive value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for adult severe tetanus by comparing the NLR in patients with severe and mild tetanus.Methods:A total of 65 adult tetanus patients from the Linyi Central Hospital from January 2009 to December 2020 were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups including mild group and severe group according to the Ablett classification. The general conditions, laboratory data, and NLR of patients in two group were retrospectively compared using independent samples t test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used for the analysis of risk factors for severe tetanus. Spearman correlation method was used for the analysis of the correlation between risk factors and Ablett grades. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used for the evaluation of the predictive value. Results:Among the 65 tetanus cases, 34 was in mild group and 31 in severe group. The latency period of patients in severe group was (7.00±3.19) d, which was shorter than that in mild group ((9.18±2.59) d), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=3.03, P=0.004). The NLR of patients in severe group was 4.251±1.936, which was higher than that of mild group (2.533±1.026) , and the difference was statistically significant ( t=4.41, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NLR and latency period were independent risk factors for tetanus severity (odds ratio ( OR)=2.359, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.415 to 3.934, P=0.001 and OR=0.748, 95% CI 0.599 to 0.936, P=0.011, respectively). In tetanus patients, the NLR level was positively correlated with Ablett grade ( r=0.644, P<0.001). The ROC curve showed that NLR had good predictive value for adult severe tetanus at a cut-off value of 2.471 (area under the curve (AUC)=0.787), with the sensitivity and specificity of 87.1% and 61.8%, respectively. When combining NLR with latency period (cut-off value of 7.5 d), predictive efficiency was further improved (AUC=0.832) with the sensitivity of 87.1% and specificity of 67.6%( Z=3.43, P<0.001). Conclusions:NLR has a good predictive value for adult severe tetanus, and the predictive efficiency is further improved when combined with latency period.

Objective: To investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of Human Calicivirus (HuCV) infection among children less than 5 years in Kunming city, Yunnan province, it might be provide effective evident for prevention and control the diarrhea related with HuCV infection. Methods: Four sentinel hospitals were recruited in the study from Kunming city, Yunnan province, 850 diarrhea cases and 170 non-diarrhea subject were recruited in this study from 2014 to 2015. RT-PCR was performed to screen HuCV infection, and gene sequencing was used to ensure positive infection subtypes and genotypes. Results: The positive rate of HuCV was higher in children with diarrhea than in non-diarrhea children (11.5%, 98/85; 4.7%, 8/170, χ²=7.083, P=0.008), and the positive rate of Norovirus (NoV) GII was higher in non-diarrhea children were (11.1%, 94/85; 4.7%, 8/170, χ²=6.353, P=0.012). There was no significant difference in the positive rate of NoV GI (0.1%, 1/850; 0.0%, 0/170, P=0.833) and Sappovirus (0.4%, 3/850; 0.0%, 0/170, P=0.578) in diarrhea children and non-diarrhea children. GII.P4 (10%, n=102) was the most important genotype of NoV GII detected in diarrhea and non-diarrhea individuals. Despite no significant difference in Norovirus GII infection between different age groups (χ²=0.038, P=0.846) and sex(χ²=0.620, P=0.733), infection rate of NoV GII varied with season (χ²=9.867, P=0.020), having close relationship with diarrhea in autumn (15.6%), primarily caused by GII.4 and GII.12 genotype (χ²=8.881, P=0.031; χ²=7.917, P=0.039). Conclusions NoV GII diarrhea had higher epidemic rate, which was caused by multiple genotypes, GII.P4 was a dominant genotype, and was a major pathogenic agent of diarrhea in infants f in Kunming city.

Objective To analysize the temporal trends in the disease burden of major human parasitic diseases in China from 1990 to 2019, so as to provide the evidence for improving the parasitic disease control strategy in China.. Methods The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of malaria, intestinal nematode infections, schistosomiasis, food-borne trematodiases, cysticercosis and echinococcosis in China from 1990 to 2019 were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019), and age- and gender-specific DALYs of parasitic diseases were estimated. The temporal trends in DALYs of malaria, intestinal nematode infections, schistosomiasis, food-borne trematodiases, cysticercosis and echinococcosis were evaluated in China from 1990 to 2019 using average annual percent change (AAPC) with Joinpoint regression analysis. Results The DALYs were 643 836.42 person-years due to food-borne trematodiases, 156 853.03 person-years due to cysticercosis, 79 764.62 person-years due to schistosomiasis, 70 989.73 person-years due to intestinal nematode infections, 4 258.61 person-years due to echinococcosis and 264.86 person-years due to malaria in China in 2019, respectively. The overall DALYs of six parasitic diseases were higher among men (546 441.93 person-years) than among women (409 525.33 person-years), and were greater among adults at ages of 14 to 65 years (684 780.84 person-years) than among children at 14 years and lower (35 437.38 person-years) and the elderly at ages of 65 years and older (235 749.04 person-years). During the period from 1990 to 2019, food-borne trematodiases were the leading cause of DALYs among the six parasitic diseases, and cysticercosis shifted from the fourth leading cause in 1990 to the second leading cause of DALYs in China in 2019, while intestinal nematode infections shifted from the second leading cause in 1990 to the fourth leading cause of DALYs in 2019. The DALYs of major human parasitic diseases appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, with the fastest drop seen in DALYs due to malaria (AAPC = −19.6%, P = 0.003), followed by due to intestinal nematode infections (AAPC = −8.2%, P < 0.001) and schistosomiasis (AAPC = −3.1%, P < 0.001), and a slow decline was seen in the DALYs of food-borne trematodiases (AAPC = −1.0%, P < 0.001), while there were no significant decrease in the DALYs of echinococcosis (AAPC = −0.5%, P = 0.264) and the DALYs of cysticercosis appeared a tendency towards a rise (AAPC = 0.7%, P < 0.001). Conclusions The disease burden of major human parasitic diseases appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, with a high disease burden seen due to food-borne parasitic diseases, no remarkable reduction seen in echinococcosis, and a tendency towards a rise seen in cysticercosis. It is recommended to focus on echinococcosis control, and continue to consolidate the control achievements of other major human parasitic diseases in China; meanwhile, the surveillance and prevention of food-borne parasitic diseases should be reinforced.