Hypoxia induced‐factor 1α(HIF‐1α) is a critical transcription factor involved in oxygen homeostasis which regulates a variety of cellular adaptive responses to hypoxia ,including angiogenesis , metabolism ,and apoptosis .In obesity ,adipose tissue dysfunction coupled with insulin resistance results in local hypoxia and angiogenesis disorders .Similarly ,type 2 diabetes (T2DM ) may present with chronic hypoxia ,inhibition of HIF‐1αproduction ,down‐regulation of angiogenesis factors ,and eventually cause a variety of vascular complications .Meanwhile ,the abnormal expression of microRNAs could affect the expression and function of HIF‐1α.HIF‐1α plays a very important role in angiogenesis ,wound healing , and so on .HIF‐1αhas been shown to improve angiogenesis by binding to a hypoxia‐response element and to regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) .This review aims to summarize the advance on HIF‐1αand its impact on angiogenesis in diabetes .

JAK/STAT is a central signaling pathway activated by cytokines binding with their respective receptors which can regulate cell proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis.Recent studies have suggested that abnormal signaling pathway with gene mutation and dysregulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of acute leukemia.The investigation of this pathway may provide novel target for therapies of acute leukemia.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between extend types and distant metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHOD: Retrospective analyze 260 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, among which 162 cases were distant metastasis (metastasis group) and 98 cases were neither distant metastasis nor recurrence (disease-free group) over 5 years after radiotherapy. All these patients were staged depending on CT or MRI image before treatment and divided into local-regional type(T(1-2)N(0-1)) for 36 cases and upward invasion type (T(3-4)N(0-1)) for 68 cases and downward invasion type (T(1-2)N(2-3)) for 75 cases and mixed type (T(3-4)N(2-3)) for 81 cases. The differences between two groups was analyzed using Chi-square test. RESULT: The local-regional type and upward invasion type was 25.3% for the metastasis group and 64.3% for the disease-free group. The downward and mixed invasion was 74.7% for the metastasis group and 35.7% for the disease-free group. The rate(proportion) of N(2-3) was significantly higher in metastasis group than in disease-free group with limited extension (84.4% vs. 33.3%, P < 0.01). The rates(proportion) of N(0-1) and N(2-3) were also significantly higher in metastasis group than in disease-free group with severity extension (T(3-4) (60% vs. 36.1% and 68.4% vs. 40%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The extent of cervical lymph node metastases is one of the most important factors of NPC with distant metastasis, severity extension of primary disease should also be in consideration. Even the limitations of primary disease, once cervical lymph node metastasis occurs, the risk of distant metastasis is significantly increased.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Neck ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Obesity is increasing in an alarming rate worldwide, which causes higher risks of some diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Current therapeutic approaches, either pancreatic lipase inhibitors or appetite suppressors, are generally of limited effectiveness. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige cells dissipate fatty acids as heat to maintain body temperature, termed non-shivering thermogenesis; the activity and mass of BAT and beige cells are negatively correlated with overweight and obesity. The existence of BAT and beige cells in human adults provides an effective weight reduction therapy, a process likely to be amenable to pharmacological intervention. Herein, we combed through the physiology of thermogenesis and the role of BAT and beige cells in combating with obesity. We summarized the thermogenic regulators identified in the past decades, targeting G protein-coupled receptors, transient receptor potential channels, nuclear receptors and miscellaneous pathways. Advances in clinical trials were also presented. The main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge from the biological importance of thermogenesis in energy homeostasis to the representative thermogenic regulators for treating obesity. Thermogenic regulators might have a large potential for further investigations to be developed as lead compounds in fighting obesity.

Objective: To investigate the pathogen spectrum distribution and drug resistance of febrile neutropenic patients with hematological diseases in Shanghai. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on the clinical isolates from the febrile neutropenic patients hospitalized in the departments of hematology in 12 general hospitals in Shanghai from January 2012 to December 2014. The drug susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer method. WHONET 5.6 software was used to analyze pathogenic bacteria and drug susceptibility data. Results: A total of 1 260 clinical isolates were collected from the febrile neutropenic patients. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 33.3% and Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 66.7%. Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5%) , Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (9.5%) , Escherichia coli (9.1%) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.7%) , Acinetobacter baumannii (6.6%) , Staphylococcus aureus (5.6%) and Enterococcus faecium (5.0%) were ranked in the first 7 of all pathogens. In the respiratory tract secretions specimens, non-fermented strains accounted for 56.2%. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia accounted for 15.2%. Enterobacteriaceae and coagulase-negative Staphylococci accounted for 42.3% (104/246) and 32.6% (85/246) respectively in blood samples. Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus bacteria accounted for 39.4% (76/193) and 28.5% (55/193) respectively in pus specimens. The detection rates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci (MRCNS) were 54.3% and 82.5%, respectively. Staphylococcus bacterial strain was not found to be resistant to linezolid, vancomycin and teicoplanin. The detection rate of Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant strains was 8.9%. Enterococcus was not detected resistance to oxazolidinone strains. Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were highly sensitive to carbapenems. The resistance rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to imipenem and meropenem was 34.1% and 15.8%, respectively. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was more sensitive to minocycline hydrochloride, levofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole. The resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii only to cefoperazone-sulbactam was less than 10.0%. The antibiotic resistance rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii to most of common antibiotics was lower than that of the CHINET surveillance. Conclusions The pathogenic strain distribution in common infection sites of febrile neutropenic patients was characterized. Bacterial resistance surveillance was better than the CHINET nationwide large sample surveillance in China.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the therapeutic effect of drug treatment for patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) accompanied with feeling of ear fullness (FEF).

METHODSA prospective clinical multicenter research was carried out from August 2007 to October 2011. SSNHL patients aged between 18 to 65 years old and accepted no medication were recruited, with a duration less than two weeks. The patients were divided into four types according to the hearing curve: type A was acute SSNHL in low tone frequencies, type B was acute SSNHL in high tone frequencies, type C was acute SSNHL in all frequencies, and type D was total deafness. Each type was subdivided into two groups by the accompaniment of SEF or not. And each type had four different treatment programs, based on the unified designed randomized table. All patients were followed up for four weeks from the initial examination.

RESULTSA total of 1 024 cases with single side SSNHL were recruited in the study from 33 hospitals in China, including 565 cases accompanied with FEF (55.18%), and 459 cases without FEF (44.82%). By classification of audiogram, 205 cases were type A (20.20%), of whom 122 were accompanied with FEF (59.51%); 141 cases belonged to type B (13.77%), of whom 74 were accompanied with FEF (52.48%); 402 cases were type C (39.25%), of whom 229 were accompanied with FEF (56.97%); and 276 cases were classified as type D (26.95%), of whom 140 were accompanied with FEF (50.72%). No significant difference was observed in total effective rate between the SSNHL patients accompanied with FEF or not in four acoustic types (P > 0.05). Among four acoustic types, the clinical cure rate of patients accompanied with FEF in type A was 93.44%, ranking the first; followed by 84.28% for type C; 75.71% for type D; and 70.27% for type B, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe therapeutic effect for patients accompanied with FEF in type A is satisfactory. The presence of FEF do not impact the therapeutic effect for SSNHL patients.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; therapy ; Hearing Loss, Sudden ; therapy ; Hearing Tests ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Young Adult