This paper would review the effort of low limb orthoses on sports injury, especially the basic and clinical research in the treatment, rehabilitation and prevention.

Objective To explore the changes of expression levels of 12S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COXⅠ) mRNA encoded by mtDNA in rat cerebral cortex after rat exposure to hypobaric hypoxia for different days. Methods Healthy male Wistar rats were exposed to hypobaric chamber simulating 5 000 m above sea level (23 5 h/day) for 2, 5, 15 and 30 d. Rats in the control group were not exposed to hypoxia. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation. Total RNA in cerebral cortex was extracted using a standard program. Transcriptional levels of 12S rRNA and COXⅠ mRNA were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). Results Compared with that in the control, the expression of 12S rRNA increased by 57% after hypoxic exposure for 2 d ( P 0 05). Compared with that in the control group, the expression of COXⅠ mRNA increased significantly by 55% and 106% after hypoxic exposure for 2 and 5 d ( P 0 05). Conclusion Hypoxic exposure may have effect on both protein gene and ribosome gene expression encoded by mtDNA, and the expression changes in a hypoxic exposure time dependent manner. This suggests that hypoxia can have effect on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation gene expression at both mitochondrial transcriptional and translational levels.

To observe the effect of IL-2 gene modification on the character of biology and function in dendritic cells( DC) and to investigate the immune mechanism of specific anti-tumor of IL-2 gene modification in DC. Methods: DCs were prepared from mouse bone marrow and genetically modified by IL-2 adenovirus. Then observe the changes of DC morphology by scanning electro-microscopy, analyzed molecules on DC by FACS, examined the expression of IFN-? mRNA in DC by RT-PCR.The stimulatory capacity of DC to T cells detected by MLR their capacity of antigen present were measured by 3H-TdR mix into assay. Results: After IL-2 gene modification, the morphology of DC was changed, its pseudopod was more and longer. The expression of Ia, B7-1, B7-2 and CD40 molecules was more on DC surface. The IFN-7 mRNA was expressed in the DC-EL-2 and DC-rhIL-2.DC-IL-2 could stimulate allogeneic T cells more potently and IL-2 gene-modified DC could induce more potent antigen-specific autogeneic CTL. Cooclusioo: IL-2 genetic modification can promote DC growth and up regulate their expression of membrane immune molecules that are relevant for antigen presentation of DC,and enhanced the biologic activity of the DC.

Objective:To investigate the specific immune act ivated effects in the mouse immunized by MHC I-restriced tumor antigen peptide pulsed dendritic cells(DC) with IL-2 gene modified.Methods:DC were transfected with IL-2 gene via adenovirus vector(DC-IL-2) the mRNA of mIL-2 was examined by RT-PCR.Syngeneic mice were immunized by DC-IL-2 pul sed with MHC-I-restricted Mutl tumor antigen peptiede of 3LL Lewis lung carcin oma (DC-IL-2-Mutl),the effects of lymphocyte subsets in the draining lymphoid node from the tumor antigen pulsed DCs with gene modified immunized mice by flo w-cytometric analysis(FACS) analysis.Results:The mRNA of mIL-2 was expressed in the DCs.The ratio of CD8+T cells was hosted in the dra ining lymphoid node from Mutl pulsed DCs(DC-Mutl) immunized mice.The ratio of C D8+T cells and NK cells were all hosted obviously in the draining lymphoid nod e from DC-IL-2-Mutl immunized mice .Conclusion:Immunized mice with DC-IL-2-Mutl can induce the mouse specific antitumor immunized affect in vivo and can activate a variety of immunized effect in the mouse.

Objective To compare the energy expenditure of a hemicorporectomy amputee moving with different mobility devices. Methods A middle-aged male hemicorporectomy amputee was measured with cardiopulmonary exercise test when moving with 4 kinds of transport: socket, cart, wheelchair, and prosthesis. Results The patient moved the slowest with prosthesis, fastest with wheelchair. The heart rate was the highest with prosthesis and lowest with cart. The absolute oxygen consumption, the relative volume of oxygen consumption and metabolic (Mets) were the most when hand walking with socket, and lowest with cart. Conclusion Hand walking with socket costs the largest energy when walking, and the rest are prosthesis, wheelchair, and cart.

Objective To systematically review the evaluation tools for walking ability of lower limb amputees wearing prostheses. Methods A computer-based search of PubMed, Wanfang Data and CNKI.net was performed for articles related to the evaluation of walking ability of lower limb amputees wearing prostheses published from January, 1995 to December, 2015. Results and Conclusion A total of 20 papers were selected, including 18 foreign literatures and 2 Chinese articles. There were many evaluation tools for walking ability of lower limb amputees wearing prostheses, and should be chosen according to the actual situation.

AIM: To study the changes in capillarity of skeletal muscle during acclimation to high altitude, and explore the effects of a certain extent physical activity under hypoxia on capillary formation and the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in this process. METHODS: 48 Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: Ⅰ normoxic control; Ⅱ hypoxia and Ⅲ hypoxia+exercise. Rats of Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups were subjected to hypobaric hypoxia for 5 weeks (23 h/d). They were first brought to simulated 4 000 m altitude, where rats of the Ⅲgroup were forced to swim for 1 h/d (6 d/week). Then the animals were ascent to 5 000 m. Biomicrosphere method was used to determine blood flow of skeletal muscle. The mean fiber cross-sectional area (FCSA), capillary density (CD) and capillary/fiber ratio (C/F) of red portion of the lateral head of the gastrocneminus were assayed by myofibrillar ATPase histochemistry. VEGF and its receptor KDR were assayed with immunohistochemistry method.RESULTS: By comparison with the normoxic control, 5-week hypoxic exposure resulted in a decrease in cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fiber and an increase in CD, but the C/F remained unchanged. The blood supply to the gastrocnemius was not changed. After 5-week-exercise at high altitude, the muscle fibers did not undergo atrophy. CD, C/F, and the blood flow at rest increased significantly. VEGF protein was found primarily in the matrix between muscle fibers; KDR were shown mainly in endothelial cells of capillary. VEGF was more strongly stained in the skeletal muscle of hypoxia-exercise rats.CONCLUSION: Hypoxia itself can not induce neovascularization. While exercise during hypoxic exposure can lead to capillary formation. VEGF and KDR may play roles in it. New capillary formation benefits the blood supply, oxygen delivery and working performance at high altitude.

Objective To investigate walking ability of amputees with unilateral transtibial prosthesis. Methods From April to Decem-ber, 2016, 20 unilateral transtibial amputees (patients) and 20 healthy adults (controls) were tested with L test, balance test, 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and 1000 m walking outdoor on various terrain. Results There was no significant difference in time of L test between the am-putees wearing Solid Ankle Cushion Heel (SACH) and Storage Foot (t=0.675, P>0.05). In balance tests, there was no significant difference in the total track length, confidence ellipse area, maximum horizontal deviation and maximum vertical deviation between the patients and the controls (t<0.803, P>0.05). Each parameter was significantly different in 6MWT between them (t>2.774, P<0.01), as well as the time and energy expenditure of outdoor 1000 m walk test (t>4.130, P<0.001). Conclusion The walking ability of the unilateral transtibial ampu-tees wearing prostheses is different from normal people. The transtibial prosthetic feet that the amputees wear may impact their walking abil-ity.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of walking ability of the amputees with unilateral transfemoral prosthesis. Methods 16 unilateral transfemoral amputees (patients) and 16 healthy adults (controls) were tested with 6-minute walking test indoor, 1000 m walking outdoor on various terrain, balance test and energy expenditure test. Results The speed, frequency and stride length were significantly less in the patients than in the controls (P<0.05) in the indoor 6-minute walking test, and the cycle of gait and energy expenditure were significantly more (P<0.05); single support time, double and single/double support time were different (P<0.05). In balance tests, there was no significant difference in the total track length, confidence ellipse area, maximum horizontal deviation and maximum vertical deviation between the patients and the controls (P>0.05). There were significant differences in time and energy expenditure of outdoor 1000 m walk test between two groups (P<0.05). There were significant differences in time of outdoor 1000 m walk test and distance of indoor walking test between amputees wearing mechanical four-link prosthetic knee joint and fluid control prosthetic knee joint (P<0.05), but not in energy expenditure of indoor and outdoor walking test. Conclusion The amputees with unilateral transfemoral prosthesis appear the inefficient in gait, and expend more energy. Their balance remains well. The transfemoral prosthesis the amputees wore may impact their walking ability.

ObjectiveTo design a reciprocal gait prosthesis connecting with the other prosthetic accessories for the bilateral hip disarticulation amputees.MethodsThe principle of reciprocal gait orthosis for paraplegia was used in the design, fitting reciprocal gait prosthesis for an amputee, which was compared with an ordinary bilateral Canadian type hip disarticulation prosthesis in the walking velocity and energy expenditure.ResultsThe amputee walked at lower energy expenditure and more like normal gait with reciprocal gait prosthesis while the walking velocity decreased, compared with the conventional prosthesis.ConclusionThis reciprocal gait prosthesis for bilateral hip disarticulation amputee needs less energy expenditure during walking like normal gait.