OBJECTIVE To analyze the hospital infection-related factors of infant incubator and their countermeasures.METHODS The hospital infections cases with the use of infant incubators from Jan 2005 to Sept 2008 were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS From the 205 cases of children with the use of infant incubator,14 cases were infected,the hospital infection rate was 6.82%.Their risk factors were weak immunity,poor hygiene concepts,not strictly executing the hand disinfection systems and hygiene norms,unsatisfactory basic care and high humidity in incubators.CONCLUSIONS To strictly execute the disinfection system and hand hygiene norms,rationally use the antibiotics and to strengthen the basic care and care management can reduce the incidence of hospital infections.

Objective To investigate the expression and distribution of leptin in pre-implantation embryo,and its effect on mouse embryo development in vitro. Methods Adult NIH female mice were superovulated and then mated with fertile males of the same strain. On the morning of 1st to 4th d of pregnancy,the oviduct and horn of uterus were dissected out and flushed with DMEM/F12 medium adequately. The embryos collected were subjected to the following procedures: ①Total RNA was isolated from embryos of each stage respectively and mRNA expression of leptin was detected by RT-PCR. ②Immunofluorescence staining was performed on blastocysts to analyze the expression and the distribution of leptin protein under laser confocal microscope. ③Eight-cell embryos were cultured in medium containing leptin antibody at various concentrations to observe the formation and hatching of blastocysts. Results ①Leptin mRNA expression was only detected in blastocyst,and no expression was detected in embryos in other stages. Leptin protein was detected in cytoplasma,membrane of trophoblastic cell and inner cell mass,however no expression was detected in cell nucleus. ②Leptin polyclonal antibody significantly inhibited formation of blastocysts (1∶400,P

Objective To explore the mechanism of immunologic injury in patients with Tourette's syndrome(TS). Methods The serum level of anti-brain antibody ( ABAb) , antinuclear antibody ( ANAb) , soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and soluble gpl30(sgp130) in patients with TS were analyzed by commercially available ELISA kits,and the titer of anti-streptolysin O ( ASO) in TS and in control was examined with latex enhanced immunoturbidimetry. Results The level of sIL-6R and sgpl30 was significantly elevated in TS compared with control group [(44. 1 ± 15.8)ng/mL vs (30. 3 ± 9. 0) ng/mL and (69. 0 ±24. 6)ng/mL vs (47. 3 ±14. l)ng/mL,P <0. 01 respectively]. ASO titer(250 U/mL) was found higher in TS than that in control(P <0. 01). The positive rates of anti-brain an-tibody and antinuclear antibody in TS were higher than that in control group (66% vs 4% and 53% vs 25% , P <0. 01 respectively). The level of ABAb negatively correlated with sgpl30 concentration( r = 0. 375, P <0. 05 ). Conclusion IL-6 signal transduction might be involved in Tourette's syndrome to lead the function enhancementand start cascade of feedback inhibition, because of elevated levels of slL-6R, sgp130, ANAb and ABAb in serum.Autoimmune-related injuries may potentially explain the pathogenesis of the disease.

Objective To investigate the relationship of the clinical characteristics and the Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy.Methods Clinical presentation (age,gender,course of disease,blood pressure,hematuria,24-hour proteinuria,serum creatinine,serum albumin,triglyceride,cholesterol,and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)),pathological data (mesangial hypercellularity,endocapillary hypercellularity,segmental sclerosis or adhesions,tubular atrophy or interstitial fibrosis,artery score,and cellular + fiberocellular crescents) and their correlation of 192 patients with IgA nephropathy patients were analyzed.Results (1)Clinically,hematuria + albuminuria type was the most common among 192 the patients with IgA nephropathy (72 cases,37.5％) followed by nephrotic syndrome (42 cases,21.9％),renal insufficiency (29 cases,15.1％),hypertension (72 cases,37.5％).(2)M1 was 60.0％,E1 was 55.2％,S1 was 46.9％,T0,T1,T2 were 59.9％,22.9％,and 17.2％,respectively,small artery thickening was 46.9％,patients with cellular + fiberocellular crescents wais 48.5％.Some pathology features were related to age.(3)Proteinuria was associated with the mesangial hypercellularity score,endocapillary hypercellularity,segmental sclerosis or adhesions,and tubular atrophy or interstitial fibrosis and cellular + fiberocellular crescents.Blood pressure and renal function were associated with segmental sclerosis or adhesions,tubular atrophy or interstitial fibrosis,small artery thickening and cellular + fiberocellular crescents.Conclusions The Oxford classification has a good clinical guide of treatment and prognosis of IgA nephropathy.

Objective To explore the prescribing patterns of outpatients receiving antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in rural Western China and to identify the correlation in terms of doctors and patients characteristics. Methods Totally 7678 prescriptions for URTIs were collected from 680 primary health village clinics of 40 counties across 10 provinces of Western China. Two outcome variables were used in the analysis: the occurrence of prescribing at least one antibiotic drug for an URTI and the occurrence of prescribing two or more antibiotics for an URTI. GEE logistic regression models were used to examine the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of the above two outcome variables. Results The percentage of prescribing at least one antibiotic for URTIs was 48.6% while the percentage of prescribing antibiotic combination (two or more antibiotics) was 4.6%. The two measurements of antibiotic utilization differed remarkably among the 10 provinces. Patients diagnosed with tonsillitis and faucitis had higher odds (OR=8.86 for tonsillitis and OR=4.64 for faucitis) of antibiotic prescription than patients with other diagnosis of URTIs. Patients with tonsillitis and faucitis also had higher odds (OR=3.82 for tonsillitis and OR=2.71 for faucitis) of multiple antibiotic prescription than those with other diagnosis of URTIs. The number of drugs per prescription and injection in prescriptions were also significant predictors of antibiotic and multiple antibiotic utilization for URTIs. Conclusion It is concluded that the percentage of antibiotic prescription for URTIs is higher in rural Western China than in most of other countries with available data and that prescriptions of antibiotics for URTIs are associated with residence regions of patients, URTI diagnosis and background information on drug prescription.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of biological amniotic membrane for otoscpic repair of traumatic perforation of tympanic membrane. Methods Otoscpic repair was performed on the patients with tympanic membrane perforation which was not healed for 6 months. The efficacy was observed postoperatively. Results The success rate of the procedure was 97.37%, except that one patient was not healing by first intention due to wound infection. Conclusions Biological amniotic membrane is definitely efficacious in the surgical repair of perforation of tympanic membrane. Otoscpic sugical repair is less invassive and has a higher success rate.

To investigate the roles of daidzein in the expressions of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and nuclear receptor corepressor (NcoR) in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells.

Objective:To investigate the expression and correlation of Bcl-2 and Bax in the parotid gland after leading duct ligation in rats. Methods:Atrophy of the right parotid was induced by ligating the right main duct of 72 rats. Immunohistochemical labelling was performed to study the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, 150 and 180 days after duct ligation. Results:7 d after duct ligation most acinar cells disappeared. The distribution of Bcl-2 and Bax protein in normal parotid was in cytoplasm with unifo-maity. Bcl-2 and bax higher expression was identified in the gland at all time points. The expression of Bcl-2 protein was significantly in-creased and reached the peak at 21 d after duct ligation. More Bax-positive acinar cells on day 3 were observed, then the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein was descended. Higher Bcl-2/Bax ratio was identified at 1-21 d, then descended. Conclusion:The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax is associated with the atophy of the parotid glad after rat parotid duct ligation.

Objective To explore the effects of daidzein (DA) on the expressions of estrogen receptors (ER) and peroxisome proliferator-activated recepor γ (PPARγ) in osteoblasts and the influence of estrogen on these effects.Methods A mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 cultured in α-MEM containing 2％ FBS was treated by 0.1 and 10 μmol/L DA.ER antagonist ICI182780 and PPARγ antagonist GW9662 in 0.1 μmol/L was added as required,and an equivalent amount of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was used as control.For the study on estrogen effect,the cells were treated by DA in the serum-free medium with or without 10 nmol/L 17β-estradiol (E2).The expressions of ERa,ERβ and PPARγ were determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis,respectively.Results DA inhibited ER,expression but stimulated PPARγ expression in the cells at the concentration of 0.1 and 10 μmol/L.The down-regulation of ERα by DA could be blocked by ICI182780,whereas the up-regulation of PPARγ could be repressed by GW9662 in transcription levels.Furthermore,the inhibitory effect of DA on ERβ expression was markedly enhanced,while its stimulatory effect on PPARγ expression was almost lost in serum-free medium with 10 nmol/L 17βestradiol as determined by real-time RT-PCR.Conclusions Besides its direct roles in ERs and PPARγ mediated gene transcriptions,DA could exert indirect effect on cellular pharmacological responses by altering ER and PPARγ expressions.The predominant influence on receptors expression probably involved in the time-related biphasic effects of DA on osteogenesis,which was supposedly influenced by estrogen level.

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.