BACKGROUND: Frenulum of prepuce of penis contained many nerve terminals is an extremely sensitive region. If the frenulum is injured in circumcision or other operations, the complication, such as postoperative spontaneous pain of penis, sexual disturbance and so on, will occur. But there still is no define explanation for this up to now.OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of immunoreactive nerve terminal of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in prepuce of penis and frenulum of prepuce of adult SD rats, and look for the source of CGRP immunoreactive nerve terminal in frenulum of prepuce.DESIGN: A single sample trial.SETTING:Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed at Department of Anatomy,School of Medicine. Zhejiang University from September 2004 to May 2005. A total of 20 adult male SD rats were selected, and were raised in warm, quiet, photophygous environment for 1 week before the trial so as to make the rats fit for the environment and maintain their basal state.METHODS: The rats were assigned randomly into 2 groups. Ten rats in the first group were treated with the immunohistochemical method to observe the distribution of CGRP immunoreactive nerve terminal in prepuce of penis and frenulum of prepuce of adult rats. Ten rats in the second group were treated with fluorogold (FG) retrograde labeled combined with CGRP immunofluorescence labeled method to look for the source of CGRP immunoreactive nerve terminal in frenulum of prepuce of penis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①The morphology and distribution of CGRP immunoreactive nerve terminal in prepuee of penis and frenulum of prepuce of adult SD rats were observed under light microscope. ②The distributive density and difference of CGRP immunoreactive nerve terminal in prepuce of penis and frenulum of prepuce were detected and compared (represented by A). ③Morphology and distribution of FG retrograde labeled -positive, CGRP single-labeled positive and FG/CGRP double-labeled positive neurons in dorsal root ganglion were observe under fluorescence microscope. ④Mean quantity of FG retrograde labeled positive, CGRP single abeled positive and FG/CGRP double-labeled positive neurons in dorsal root ganglion was counted.RESULTS: Totally 20 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Amber-coloured CGRP immunoreactive nerve terminal appeared in prepuce of penis and frenulum of prepuce of adult rats. These nerve terminal mainly occurred in basal layer of epidermis and papillary layer of dermis, distributed as twig shape or intestiniform; mostly of them were bundled, different in length, and some of them showed enlarged nodosity. ②The distributive density of CGRP immunoreactive nerve terminal in frenulum of prepuce of penis was significantly larger than that in prepuce of penis (2.15±0.32, 1.02±0.22,t =-2.03,P＜0.01). ③Combined with the FG retrograde labeled method it was found that these nerve terminal was derived from neurons of dorsal root ganglion opposed to the sixth lumbar spinal cord and the neurons of dorsal root ganglion opposed to the first acral spinal cord. FG retrograde labeled positive neurons differed in length. The cell body showed round or orbicular-ovate, without obvious prominence. Bright inaurate fine particle appeared in cytoplasm, no label in nucleus. Most cells arranged in line along nerve tract or diffusedly distributed. Most CGRP single-labeled positive neurons were middle or small cells found by CGRP immunofluorescence labeling. Dyeing was too dark.Reaction product distributed evenly in cytoplasm, which showed bright dark green (FITC labeled color). The same positive section was observed comparatively under different excitation light. It was found that FG/CGRP double-labeled positive cells were middle or small, and its amount accounted for a half of the total number of FG retrograde positive cells.CONCLUSION: CGRP may participate the transmission of sensory information in prepuce of penis and frenulum of prepuce of rats. The CGRP immunoreactive nerve terminal in frenulum of prepuce of penis of rats is sourced from neurons of dorsal root ganglion opposed to the sixth lumbar spinal cord and the neurons of dorsal root ganglion opposed to the first sacral spinal cord.

Objective This investigation was launched to characterize the relationship between some popular sports and the meniscus injury as well as the impairment extent due to practice duration.Methods The overall 819 women aged 20-49 years from clinic service,hospital,community and gymnasium were selected to join the investigation.The participants practice yoga or any other popular sports including badminton,jogging,climbing hills for at least one hour per day.The subjects were diagnosed with meniscus injury by means of physical examination and MR imaging.All of the subjects were therefore divided into the case(273)and the control(546)pools.The nested case-control model was applied to assess the relative risk of the meniscus.The 181 yoga subjects had been further divided into three sub-groups of 3-6 months,6-12 months and over 12 months,and they were accordingly analyzed with the variables of the age,body mass index(BMI)and Lysholm score.Results The study showed that yoga was associated with higher risk(OR=1.621,P=0.008)of meniscus injury,but the other sports showed no statistically significant risk (badminton 0R=1.028,jogging OR=1.116,climbing hills OR=1.259).The trainees appeared to be statistically different between the groups of 3-6 months and over 12 months on the items of the Lysholm score(P=0.006)and BMI(P=0.003).Conclusion Yoga plays a risky role on the issue of meniscus injury comparing some other popular sports among young women.The yoga players who exercise longer got lower Lysholm scores and lighter weight.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of aliskiren on blood nitric oxide(NO) and bradykinin (BK) through analyzing the changes of NO, BK and non-dominant arm blood pressure before and after treatment of aliskiren and ramipril. MethodsThe chnical trial was conducted in 67 patients with essential hypertension. After a single-blind period of taking placebo orally once a day for 2 weeks, the patients were divided into different group in accordance with random table, and all patients were consecutively treated with drugs for 8 weeks. The trial uncovered showed that 17 patients were treated with ramipril (5 mg) in control group. Patients in trial group were given aliskiren and were assigned to three subgroups, 300 mg group (300 mg aliskiren, 16 cases), 150 mg group(150 mg aliskiren, 17 cases) and 75 mg group(75 mg aliskiren, 17 cases). The blood NO and BK before and after treatment in two groups were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay method. Non-dominant arm blood pressure was measured by calibration qualified mercury blood pressure instrument before and after treatment. Results The blood NO after treatment of aliskiren 8 weeks in trial group increased significantly than those before treatment [before treatment, the blood NO in 300 mg group, 150 mg group,75 mg group were (44.414 ±5.841 ), (43.496 ± 5.576), (41.037 ± 5.312) μ mol/L, after treatment they were(60.381 ± 6.756), (56.480 ±6.959), (53.766 ±7.276) μmol/L] (P <0.05). After treatment, non-dominant arm blood pressure decreased significantly in trial group (P < 0.05 ), but the blood BK had no significant defference before and after treatment (P >0.05). The blood NO and BK after treatment of ramipril 8 weeks in control group increased significantly than those before treatment [(57.286 ±6.431) μmol/L vs.(39.935 ±6.388)μ mol/L, (7.120 ± 1.015) μg/L vs.(5.232 ± 1.288) μg/L], and meanwhile non-dominant arm blood pressure decreased significantly(P <0.05). ConclusionsAliskiren and ramipril could increase the concentration of NO remarkably. Ramipril has strong effect in increasing the concentration of BK, but aliskiren hasn't effect on BK.

Objective To investigate the effects of the jumbo cup in acetabular revision for patients with massive acetabular bone deficiency.Methods We retrospectively studies 48 patients (49 hips) who underwent jumbo cup revisions between 2006 and 2015 (19 men and 29 women;average age:62± 12 years).The acetabular bone defects were classified according to Paprosky classification (Paprosky Ⅱ 27 hips,Paprosky ⅢA 18 hips,Paprosky ⅢB 4 hips).Radiological assessments were conduced to evaluate the acetabular prosthesis loosening,dislocation and infection.The reasons for revisions were mechanical loosening in 41 cases,and infections in another 8 cases with cement spacer putted by last surgery.Results The operation duration and blood loss was 110 min (85-160 min) and 315 ml (270-455 ml) respectively.After an average follow-up of 6.8 years (1-11 years),Harris hip score was increased from 47.6±7.1 preoperatively to 82.4± 6.2 postoperatively.Osseointegration occurred in the acetabular components at 6 months postoperatively.Radiograph analysis showed satisfied position of acetabular cup without complications such as damages of vessels or nerves.The successful rate of jumbo cup revisions was 89.8％±4.4％.However,two in Paprosky ⅢA failures for periprosthetic infection occurred and two in Paprosky ⅢA,one in Paprosky ⅢA and the other in Paprosky ⅢB for acetabular component loosening.One patient in Paprosky ⅢB had weight-bearing pain and relieve slightly after conservative treatment.The radiologic study showed that there was no relationship between failure rate and acetabular abduction angle (r=0.06,P=0.53),rotation center migration in vertical direction (r=0.11,P=0.14) and horizontal direction (r=0.04,P=0.89).Conclusion The mid-term results show that using jumbo cup in revising acetabular failure with massive bone deficiency are optimal,which can be achieved by simplified operation procedures,reduction in the need of bone graft and promotion in acetabulum osseointegration.However,higher failure rate may occur in Paprosky ⅢB patients.

Objectives To investigate the prevalance of quinolone resistance in Laribacter hongkongensis and to evaluate the influence of agar dilution and disc diffusion methods on susceptibility testing for the bacterium. Methods Susceptibility to quinolones of L.hongkongensis was tested by agar dilution and disc diffusion methods. The results for both methods were compared. Results L.hongkongensis isolates exhibited different susceptibility rate for quinolones (levofloxacin>ciprofloxacin>norfloxacin>nalidixic acid). All of the fish isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin and more than 90%were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin. However,by agar dilution, only 62.50%, 37.50%,48.21%, 19.64%of the frogs isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, respectively. For fish isolates, comparision of susceptibilities between agar dilution and disc diffusion showed a high (> 95%) percentage agreement for levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and the highest crepancies were observed with norfloxacin (100%) .But it showed a high discrepancy when comparing the two methods for frogs isolates. Conclusions The resistance rate of L. hongkongens to quinolones was high , especially for frog isolates. The results suggested the use of agar dilution on susceptibility testing for quinolones in L. hongkongensis.

Objective To study the effects of constraint-induced movement train (CIMT) on the neurological medullary sheath in the rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods 55 SD rats were randomly divided into CIMT group and nature recovery (NR) group after MCAO. The CIMT group were trained with balance beam and rolling cage everyday, with restrictting the movement of the intact upper limbs. The NR group lived in the same condition. The rats in CIMT group were assessed with ethology 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, 30 d and 60 d after operation respectively. At last, 5 rats of each group were checked with MRI, then they were immolated for myelin staining. Results The balance and muscle strength of CIMT group improved better compared with the NR ones (P<0.05), as well as the diameter and the demyelination of neurofibril in the infarcted area. Conclusion CIMT can collect more functional neurofibra and decrease myelinolysis.

Objective To compare the reliability of modificatory method and traditional method in preparing ischemic stroke rat model in rehabilitation period.Methods 173 female SD rats were divided into traditional method group(n=63),modificatory method group(n=109) and control group(n=37).In the traditional method group,the thread embolus was inserted through the left external carotid artery(ECA),and then left ECA and pterygopalatine artery(PPA) were ligated.In the modificatory method group,the thread embolus was inserted through the left internal carotid artery(ICA) and only left common carotid artery(CCA) was ligated.In the control group,the thread embolus was not inserted,only CCA was ligated.Results There was no significant difference in neurofunction score between the modificatory method group and the traditional method group(P>0.05).The operating time was significantly shortened(P<0.01) and the survival time was significantly prolonged in the modificatory method group compared with that of the traditional method group(P<0.01).The two-month survival rate was 54.13% in the modificatory method group and 31.75% in the traditional method group receptively,the former was significantly longer than the latter(P<0.01).Conclusion The ischemic stroke model established by modificatory methods is not only precisely and reliable but also save operating time and improve survival rate of the animals compared with the traditional method.The main death causes of animals are large-area cerebral edema and electrolyte imbalance after operation.

Objective Analysis of the expression of CD38,CD133 antigen and their clinical significance in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).Methods CD38 and CD133 antigen were analyzed by flow cytometry in 31 cases of MDS patients.Results CD38 was expressed in 18 cases (58.1% ),among them,12 cases were found to be myelodysplastic syndrome refractoryanermia ( MDS-RA ),accounting for 57.1%,6 cases were found to be MDS-RAEB,accounting for 66.7%.CD133 was expressed in 20 cases(64.5% ) ,among them,11 cases were found to be MDS-RA ( 52.4% ),1 case MDS-RAS,and 8 cases of MDS-RAEB,accounting for 88.9% .CD38 expressed significantly higher in MDS than anemia and relatively normal group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).CD133 expression in anemia groups was different from MDS-RA without statistical significance ( P ＞ 0.05 ),but was significantly different from relatively normal group (P ＜0.05).CD133 expression was significantly higher in these with MDS-RAEB than those in anemia and normal group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Combining with conventional antibodies,flow cytometry used in detection of CD38 ,CD133 ,could improve the diagnostic rate of MDS.

Objective Research has indicated that hydrogen sulfide(H2S) can regulate the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate re-ceptors(NMDARs) in the brain, but its effect on brain resuscitation requires further investigation.The study was to speculate the effect of H2 S on brain resuscitation as well as the underlying mechanism of neuroresuscitation by investigating the effects of hydrogen sulfide and hypo-thermia on the expression of NR2A, NR2B and phospho-cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) of NMDARs in the hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia following by reperfusion. Methods 100 male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups(n=20):sham operation group, model group, mild hypothermia group, NaHS group, NaHS combined mild hypothermia group.Pulsinelli-Brierley four-ves-sel occlusion method was induced to build the injury rat model by reperfusion after global cerebral ischemia .After 15 minutes'ischemia, im-mediate injection of 14μmol/kg NaHS was performed intraperitoneally on NaHS group and NaHS combined mild hypothermia group , while skin cooling(rectal temperature=32-33℃) was done on mild hypothermia group and NaHS combined mild hypothermia group .6 hours late,r hip-pocampus were extracted from rat heads.Respectively, spectrophotometer was applied to measure the content of H2S, Western blot for the expres-sions of NR2 A,NR2 B and pC-REB, and RTP-CR for mRNA level of brain derived neurotrophic (BDNF). HE staining was also performed on brain tissues 72hours after reperfusion on 4 rats from each group to evaluate the pathological changes of pyramidal neurons in CA1 region. R esul ts The content of H 2 S increased in each of the four groups after ischemia-reperfusion compared with sham operation group ( 15.2 ±2.0 nmol/g) (P<0.05).In comparison to model group (25.2 ±3.5 nmol/g), NaHS group (37.5 ±4.0 nmol/g) and NaHS combined mild hypothermia group (38.7 ±4.4nmol/g ) resulted in significant high content of H2S(P<0.05), while mild hypothermia group(26.5 ±3.5nmol/g ) got a mild increase(P>0.05).The gray values of NR2A and NR2B in each group increased compared with sham operation group(P<0.05), re-sulting in NR2A/NR2B<1 in model group and mild hypothermia group while NR2A/NR2B>1 in NaHS group and NaHS combined mild hy-pothermia group.Compared with the expression of p-CREB(0.55 ±0.06) in model group, there were significant increases in mild hypother-mia group(0.99 ±0.15), NaHS group(1.05 ±0.12), NaHS combined mild hypothermia group(1.02 ±0.15)(P<0.05).Compared with the expression of BNDF mRNA(0.83 ±0.12) in model group, there were significant increases in mild hypothermia group (1.11 ±0.13), NaHS group(1.27 ±0.16), NaHS combined mild hypothermia group(1.35 ±0.16)(P<0.05).In comparison to model group, there were signifi-cant alleviation in the injury of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA1 region in mild hypothermia group, NaHS group, NaHS combined mild hypothermia group, with the best effect in NaHS combined mild hypothermia group . Conclusion Hydrogen sulfide combined mild hypo-thermia can selectively activate synaptic NMDA receptors and trigger the prosurvival CREB signaling pathway to exert brain resuscitation .

Objective To study the role of serum Hcy level change in predicting the effects of pemetrexed (PEM ) chemotherapy for treating the patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma .Methods Fifty‐seven cases of lung adenocarcinoma treated by the PEM chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed .The fasting venous blood was collected for detecting serum Hcy level before chemotherapy and at the end of 2‐week chemotherapy .The clinical characteristics ,Hcy level before and after chemotherapy and the relation between the Hcy level with clinical effect were statistically analyzed .Results In the therapeutic effects evaluated by the im‐aging examination during treatment process ,there were no case of complete remission (CR) ,19 cases of partial remission (PR) ,22 cases of stable diseases(SD) and 16 cases of progressed diseases(PD) ,the objective response rate(ORR) was 33 .3% and disease control rate (DCR) was 71 .9% .Different clinical factors had no significant influence on the efficacy of PEM chemotherapy (P>0 .05) .In comparing the influence of Hcy level and Hcy level change on the effect of PEM chemotherapy ,the results showed that serum Hcy level before treatment had no obvious influence on curative effect ,DCR in the patients with normal serum Hcy level after treatment was significant higher than that with abnormal Hcy level ,ORR and DCR in the patients with decreased Hcy level after chemotherapy were significantly higher than those with increased Hcy level (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Monitoring the serum Hcy lev‐el change during the PEM chemotherapeutic process in the patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma may be used in the predic‐tion of the chemotherapeutic effect .