OBJECTIVE:To discuss the approach of drug pricing by applying the pharmacoeconomics evaluation.METHODS:Theory deductions together with demonstration analysis were performed based on the theory of pharmacoeco-nomics.RESULTS:In drug pricing for new drugs,the pharmacoeconomic evaluation should be conducted with suitable ref-erence drugs and suitable reference prices as references,meanwhile based on the results,the reported costs-based price should be reevaluated and adjusted accordingly.CONCLUSION:The rationality of drug pricing can be effectively improved through pharmacoeconomics evaluation.

This article discusses SYNTAX EDITOR'S actual application of SPSS (11.5) FOR WINDOWS for blind review in drug clinical trials with examples. The results show that applying SPSS software can deal with blind review easily, and produce corresponding report, get fast and exact result.

Based on the realistic circumstances at home and successful experiences from abroad,this paper holds the idea to introduce medical liability insurance into medical market to relieve the currently tense physician-patient conflict and analyzes the role and function of medical liability insurance.Meanwhile,some problems and countermeasures are also explained in the functioning process of medical liability insurance.

A fair,just,and credible mediation institution is required to ensure the effective implementation of medical liability insurance,relieve physician-patient conflicts,and protect the legal rights of medical institutions,patients and insurance corporations as well.Medical disputes mediation institution,as the arbitrator of physician-patient conflicts,clarifies the rights and obligations on all parties,including doctors,patients,and the insurance corporations as well,safeguards the legal rights of all parties,standardizes and simplifies the settlement procedure of medical disputes,and provides an effective approach to relieving the conflicts between doctors and patients.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the development of clinical pharmacists’career and the establishment of le-gal system in China. METHODS:The background,progress and situation of applying for“pharmacists’health care provider sta-tus”in the United States were introduced. The reasons for achieving provider status in California,Washington,and Oregon were summed up in aspects of politics,economics and education. The chance and challenge for achieving provider status at federal level were also discussed. Based on the development of clinical pharmacists in China,the suggestions were put forward for the improve-ment of legal system of clinical pharmacists in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:“Health care provider status”in the United Stated were recognised by 3 states with local developed economics,high-level education,and collective efforts of pharmacy organi-zations. Multiple national pharmacy organizations as American Pharmacists Association,American Society of Health-System Phar-macists and American Pharmacy College Society are working together toward provider status at the federal level. Our country should pay attention to related legal system construction,establish perfect and definite clinical pharmacists legal system as soon as possible to provide legal guarantee for career development of clinical pharmacists in China.

Objective To investigate the possibility of using 5-aminolevulinic acid(5-ALA)induced protoporphyrin IX(PpIX)for photodynamic therapy(PDT)of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)cell line CNE2 cultured in vitro.Methods CNE2 cells cultured were incubated in a medium containing various concentrations of 5-ALA(0.01,0.05,0.1,0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0mmol/L)for 6 hours,then illuminated with different light doses(20,10,5,2J/cm2)using a semiconductor laser at 630nm.After 6,12,24 hours incubation with 5-ALA-PDT,the survival rates of CNE2 cells were analyzed by MTT assay.Results 5-ALA-PDT may effectively kill the CNE2 cells.The killing degree was positively correlated with the incubation time after irradiation,concentration of 5-ALA and the dosage of radiation(P

ObjectiveTo evaluate the changes of hepatic blood perfusion in cirrhotic patients undergoing pericardial devascularization (PCDV).MethodsHepatic artery and portal vein perfusion of 22 pre- and post- PCDV cirrhotic patients were evaluated with rheohepatogram(RHG) and ultrasonography (USG).ResultsCompared with normal control, the hepatic artery, portal vein effective perfusion and total hepatic perfusion decreased on RHG 〔(0.053?0.011) vs. (0.031?0.009),(0.033?0.011) vs. (0.018?0.008),〔(7.7?3.0) vs. (3.5?1.7), all P

BACKGROUND: What role tumor-related genes play in the process of tumor generation, development, metastasis and prognosis has always been a thorny issue in medical field?OBJECTIVE: To study the detection of gene mutation in tumor by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) and automated DNA se+uence analysis and the change of p53 gene and p53 protein during the development and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma so as to provide basis for evaluating the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma.DESIGN: Single sample study using the tissue specimen as subject.SETTING: Department of oncology in an affiliated hospital of a military medical university.PARTICIPANTS: We collected the primary focus and liver metastasis focus specimens from 41 patients with colon cancer who had hepatectomy because of liver metastasis 5 months to 5 years after radical operation for coloncancer. They were inpatients in Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, from January 1994 to December 2000.METHODS: p53 gene(exons 5- 11) mutation of primary focus and liver metastasis focus specimens from 41 cases of colon cancer was examined by DGGE and automated DNA sequencing. Expression of p53 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry.histochemical staining.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:①Detection of the mutation of p53 gene by DGGE;②Analysis of p53 gene sequence;③Results of p53 immunohistochemical staining.RESULTS: p53 gene mutation was detected in exons 5 - 9 in 24 out of 41patients(62% ) . Among them, 6 patients had p53 mutation in liver metastasis. The others had consistent mutations in both primary coloreetal and hepatic metastatic lesions. In addition, p53 mutation was also found in the metastatic lesion in three patients. Among the 16 cases of mutation in primary colorectal and hepatic metastatic lesions, 14 cases showed that the ratio of p53 base peak to normal peak was significantly higher in hepatic metastatic lesions than in primary colorectal lesions(P ＜ 0. 001) . Results of p53 immunohistochemical staining were highly consistent with those of DGGE and DNA sequence analysis. However, gene analysis detected focus with nonsense mutation while immunohistochemistry detected overexpression of p53 protein.CONCLUSION: p53 mutation, in patients with colorectal carcinoma followed by hepatic metastases, mostly originates from primary colorectal lesion and then is kept and metastasizes into hepatic cells. The amount of mutated p53 gene and the number of tumor cells containing p53 mutation are increased in hepatic metastatic lesion. P53 mutation is positively correlated with overexpression of p53 protein.

Objective:To explore diagnostic value of soluble tumor necrosis factor - like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and interleukin (IL) -6 concentrations in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) .Methods:A total of 170 ACS patients hospitalized in our hospital from Jan 1st ,2014 to Jun 31st ,2014 were selected as ACS group ,mean‐while ,80 inpatients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) confirmed by coronary angiography (CAG) or coronary CT were se‐lected as SAP group ,and another 80 patients excluded for coronary heart disease (CHD) by CAG were regarded as normal control group .ACS group was further divided into ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) group (n=45) ,non -STEMI (NSTEMI) group (n=52) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP) group (n=73) .Plasma sTWEAK and serum IL‐6 concentrations were compared among all groups .Results:Compared with normal control group and SAP group ,there were significant rise in concentrations of plasma sTWEAK [ (120.32 ± 10.15) ng/L vs .(123.86 ± 15.23) ng/L vs .(140.05 ± 17.51) ng/L] and serum IL‐6 [ (110.34 ± 26.01) pg/ml vs .(112.38 ± 25.74) pg/ml vs .(245.23 ± 68.58) pg/ml] (P<0.01 all) ,but there were no significant difference between normal control group and SAP group , P>0.05. There were no significant difference in plasma sTWEAK and serum IL‐6 concentrations among UAP group ,NSTEMI group and STEMI group , P>0.05 all .Conclusion:Plasma sTWEAK and serum IL‐6 concentrations significantly rise in ACS patients ,which possesses certain diagnostic value for ACS .

ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effects of 5-hydroxy-1-methylhyantoin (HMH) on paraquat (PQ)-induced nephrotoxicity in rat and its possible mechanism.Methods Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups: namely control, PQ, vitamin C and HMH groups, with 6 rats in each group. The rats in control group were given an injection of 2 mg/kg of normal saline intraperitoneally. The rats in PQ group were given an injection of 50 mg/kg of PQ intraperitoneally. The rats in vitamin C and HMH groups were given 1 mmol/kg of vitamin C or HMH through gastric tube right after PQ injection. The hydroxyl free radical scavenging ability of HMH and vitamin C was determined by Fenton method. Blood sample was collected after 24 hours of PQ treatment, then the animals were sacrificed and renal tissues were harvested. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), protein content of renal cortex, blood malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined.Results Both vitamin C and HMH showed a very good ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, and the 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) was both 4.02 mg/mL. Compared with control group, serum BUN, SCr and MDA in renal tissue were significantly increased in PQ group, and the protein, GSH contents and SOD activity were significantly decreased [BUN (mmol/L): 40.80±2.49 vs. 13.67±1.58, SCr (μmol/L): 163.46±8.67 vs. 51.80±4.37, MDA (nmol/g): 7.51±0.23 vs. 4.52±0.33, protein (μmol/L): 0.94±0.14 vs. 1.35±0.10, GSH (mg/g): 1.08±0.48 vs. 3.30±0.44, SOD (kU/L): 70.74±6.42 vs. 112.89±8.72, allP< 0.01]. Compared with PQ group, serum BUN and SCr and MDA in kidney tissue in vitamin C and HMH groups were significantly decreased, and GSH content and SOD activity in kidney tissue were significantly elevated [BUN (mmol/L):22.64±2.36, 18.71±5.23 vs. 40.80±2.49, SCr (μmol/L): 97.28±4.81, 89.20±6.72 vs. 163.46±8.67, MDA (nmol/g): 4.67±0.31, 4.21±0.42 vs. 7.51±0.23, GSH (mg/g): 1.78±0.10, 1.86±0.39 vs. 1.08±0.48, SOD (kU/L):98.69±5.43, 103.76±4.45 vs. 70.74±6.42, allP< 0.01]. Compared with vitamin C group, HMH could significantly reduce SCr contents (P< 0.05). There were no differences in reduction PQ-induced BUN, MDA content, and effect on GSH content and SOD activity between vitamin C group and HMH group (allP> 0.05).Conclusion HMH can protect the kidney against PQ-induced nephrotoxicity, and the mechanism of which maybe attributed to its anti-oxidation property and ability to scavenge hydroxyl radical.