As one of the most sensitive cells of endoplasmic reticulum stress,pancreatic βcells have an abundance of endoplasmic reticulum .It is the adaptive response of pancreatic β cells under Endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions.Internal and external factors in the environment such as oxidative damage,lipid toxicity and the effect of cytokines in the endoplasmic reticulum could breake the steady-state,resulting in barriers to folding or misfolding of protein,thereby to trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress.Serious and lasting stress will lead to β cell apoptosis,involved in a variety of metabohc diseases as well as a variety of diseases.This article gives a review on the injury effects of multi-factor induced endoplasmic reticulum stress on the pancreatic β-cell

Hypoglycemia is very common in daily blood glucose management of diabetic patients, and growing number of studies have proved that hypoglycemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction. There may be a bidirectional relationship between severe hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction, resulting in a vicious circle of mutual aggravation between hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction, but the specific mechanism is not clear. This article reviews the relationship between hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction, the mechanism of hypoglycemia induced cognitive dysfunction, and clinical management measures. The aim is to improve the understanding of the relationship between hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction, and to provide scientific basis for further exploring the mechanism of diabetes mellitus with cognitive dysfunction.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of long guidewire exchange technique in performing cerebral angiography via radial artery approach.Methods The clinical data of 257 patients,who received cerebral angiography during the period from June 2014 to May 2016 at Daxing Hospital of Capital Medical University,Beijing,China,were retrospectively analyzed.Among the 257 patients,186 had type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ aortic arch.According to the different looping technologies for Simmons-2 catheter used in the performance of cerebral angiography,these 186 patients were divided into the study group (n=90) and the routine group (n=96).The success rate of radial artery puncturing,the success rate of Simmons-2 catheter looping formation,the success rate of supra-arch arterial catheterization,the time spent for angiography,the radiation exposure time,complications,etc.were recorded.Results The success rate of radial artery puncturing was 100％ in both groups.The success rate of Simmons-2 catheter looping formation in the study group was 97.8％,which was significantly higher than 72.9％ in the routine group (P＜0.05).The success rates of catheterization for the left subclavian artery,left common carotid artery and right carotid artery in the study group were 97.8％,97.8％ and 97.8％ respectively,which were remarkably higher than 72.9％,72.9％ and 72.9％ respectively in the routine group (P＜0.05).No statistically significant difference in the success rates of catheterization for right subclavian artery and for right vertebral artery existed between the two groups (P＞ 0.05).The time spent for angiography in the study group and the routine group was (22.5±9.4) min and (28.3±8.3) min respectively.The radiation exposure time in the study group was (8.9±4.5) min,which was obviously lower than (12.6±6.5) min in the routine group (P=0.017 and P=0.035,respectively).The incidences of complications in the study group and the routine group were 4.4％ and 5.2％ respectively,the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0.05).No severe complications,such as intracranial arterial embolie events,puncture bleeding,arterial occlusion,etc.,occurred in all patients of both groups.Conclusion The use of long guidewire exchange technology can improve the success rate of Simmon-2 catheter looping formation and the success rate of supra-arch arterial catheterization,it can also shorten the time for angiography procedure and reduce the radiation exposure time.This technique is very effective with higher safety.Therefore,this long guidewire exchange technique should be used as a common method for cerebral angiopraphy via radial artery approach in patients with type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ aortic arch.

Objective To explore the intrinsic link between neuro-endocrine-immune (NEI) network and the viscera-state.Methods Using three databases namely TCM database, Chinese pharmacy database and combination of TCM and WM database in China Academic Journals Database, the authors searched and collected NEI-related indicators published on journals for the viscera-state researches. Then a related database was established for data mining. Through analysis of association rules, analysis of the relationship among diseases, syndromes, therapeutic principles, combination of disease and syndrome, and NEI network related indicators were performed for association rules and directional network diagrams.Results Through the association analysis, the authors drew 44 directional network diagrams of high-frequency disease positions, syndromes, therapeutic principles and NEI network related indicators, and obtained 19 association rules. Kidney and liver essence research focused on HPG axis, HPA axis, and HPT axis. Spleen essence research focused on brain-gut peptide related indicators. Heart essence research focused on vascular endothelium function indicators. Pulmonary essence research focused on humeral immunity, ET and TNF-α.Conclusion It was feasible to explore the intrinsic link between NEI network and the viscera-state by using data mining. Differences among study on NEI network of five-organs systems were found, which is of great significance for researches on the essence of the viscera-state.

Objective To construct shRNA against optineurin ( OPTN ) clone and transfect the construction into HEK293FT cells for inhibiting the expression of OPTN, which is laid the foundation for further research of molecu-lar mechanism OPTN protein. Methods The insert of this clone was a double-strained DNA sequence against OPTN which would be transcripted into shRNA and it was synthesized according to the sequence in Origene. Ex-pression vector pRFP-C-RS was employed to fuse the insert to get the construction and finally confirmed by sequen-cing. HEK293FT cells were transfected with the very clone pRFP-C-RS-shOPTN and RFP signals could be detected using fluorescence microscope. Western blot was further employed to check the protein level of OPTN. HEK293FT cells were transfected with the very clone pRFP-C-RS-shOPTN was then obtained to investigate the functional study of OPTN which was measured by Salmonella infection experiment. Results shRNA eukaryotic expression vector targeting OPTN gene was successfully constructed. HEK293FT cells were transfected with pRFP-C-RS-shOPTN and 72 hours later we observed strong RFP signals showing that shOPTN expressed. Western blot was further employed to check the protein level of OPTN which showed that OPTN expression was indeed interfered. Salmonella infection assays was then performed and showed that OPTN could inhibit the proliferation of Salmonella that has invaded HEK293FT cells. Conclusion HEK293FT cell line which expresses shRNA against OPTN show a sharp inhibition of OPTN protein expression by 80%. So this cell line can be further used to investigate how OPTN regulates auto-phagy as an autophagy receptor. Meanwhile we find that OPTN can be as a autophagy regulator and strongly sup-press the proliferation of invasive Salmonella in vivo.

Objective To report the clinical characteristics, biochemical profiles, diagnosis and treatment of one Chinese pedigree with glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism. Methods Plasma and urine aldo~sterone and cortisol and plasma renin activity were dynamically tested and diagnostic therapy was undergone in 3 affected subjects. Results All of 4 affected members had hypertension, hypokalemia, 3 patients had low basic and provoked renin activity (0.017?0.015 vs 0.13?0.08)?g?L -1 ?h -1 . 3 patients were treated with 2 mg dexamethasone for 5～7 days, then the medication was reduced gradually and maintained at 0.5～0.75 mg per day after 1～1.5 month(s). 5 days after treatment, the plasma aldosterone concentrations (PACs) decreased significantly from (192?9)ng/L to (87?7)ng/L (P

Objective To detect DNA damage in rat lymphocytes and brain cells induced by tetramine and study the toxicological mechanism of tetramine.Methods Lymphocytes and brain cells were separated and collected from healthy rats.DNA damages of cells which were exposed to various doses of tetramine for 60 min was detected using the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or comet assay.Results These are different degree DNA damages of lymphocytes and brain cells exposed from doses 1/20 LD 50 doses of tetramine to 1/2 LD 50 doses of tetramine.The test groups are very significantly statistical different to the control group(P

OBJECTIVE:To introduce water processing treatment technology and equipment for hospital manufacturing laboratory.METHODS:According to the relevant standards recorded in China Pharmacopoeia and electric conductivity,water quality of purified water manufactured by3kinds of techniques were evaluated.The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques were compared with regard to the utilization of source water,convenience of operation,environmental pollution,and so on.RESULTS:Purified water manufactured by these3kinds of techniques all met the standards recorded in China Phar?macopoeia,best quality was obtained by the technique of combining ion exchange with first order reverse osmosis,the next in order is obtained through the combination of second order reverse osmosis with electrode ionization(EDI).The purified water could be distilled to be water for injection which meets the standard in China Pharmacopoeia.CONCLUSION:Combination of second order reverse osmosis with EDI is the optimal water processing technique considering quality of purified water,utiliza?tion of source water,convenience of operation,environmental pollution and so on.Multiple distillation technology is the main artwork to prepare water for injection.

Objective:To establish an animal model in goats for curved mandibular regeneration by distraction osteogenesis(DO).Methods:Four goats were used.Internally installed curved mandibular distractors were activated 6 days after mandibular osteotomy on the mandibular angles or mandibular symphyses at a rate of l mm/d for 25~34 days.The mandibles were examined by roentgenography.Results:The arched defects of the mandibles in the 4 goats were reconstructed by regenerated bone by the end of DO.Conclusion:Internally installed curved distractor may be used for osteogenesis in the repaire of the arched mandibular defects.

To investigate the protective effect of melatonin on the kidneys of STZ-induced diabetic rats, experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 50 mg/kg in male Sprague-Dawley rats (150～200g). Three days after streptozotocin injection, the diabetic rats were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) DM, untreated; (2) DM+Mel 1, melatonin supplement at 0.2mg?kg -1?d -1, by gavage; (3) DM+Mel 2, melatonin supplement at 5mg?kg -1?d -1, by gavage. The treatment continued for 8 weeks. Periodically, body weight, blood glucose, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels were measured as clinical and biochemical parameters; plasma creatinine, creatinine clearance( Ccr), urinary protein excretion were detected as renal function indexes; kidney weight, glomerular area, PAS positive area, and cell counts were evaluated as histological damage indexes. Melatonin treatment had no significant effects on blood glucose and plasma cholesteral, but lowered plasma triglyceride level in diabetic rats. Melatonin treatment reduced urinary protein excretion. Until the end of the experiment, there were no significant changes in plasma creatinine level, Ccr in diabetic rats. Melatonin treatment decreased kidney weight/body weight ratio, reduced PAS positive area, glomerular cellular number and glomerular area which were increased in DM rats. The protective effects of melatonin were more obviose in high dosage groups. Melatonin treatment can aggravate glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial cell proliferation, delay the progression of glomerulosclerosis, and improve renal function of diabetic rats.