As one of the most sensitive cells of endoplasmic reticulum stress,pancreatic βcells have an abundance of endoplasmic reticulum .It is the adaptive response of pancreatic β cells under Endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions.Internal and external factors in the environment such as oxidative damage,lipid toxicity and the effect of cytokines in the endoplasmic reticulum could breake the steady-state,resulting in barriers to folding or misfolding of protein,thereby to trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress.Serious and lasting stress will lead to β cell apoptosis,involved in a variety of metabohc diseases as well as a variety of diseases.This article gives a review on the injury effects of multi-factor induced endoplasmic reticulum stress on the pancreatic β-cell

Hypoglycemia is very common in daily blood glucose management of diabetic patients, and growing number of studies have proved that hypoglycemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction. There may be a bidirectional relationship between severe hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction, resulting in a vicious circle of mutual aggravation between hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction, but the specific mechanism is not clear. This article reviews the relationship between hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction, the mechanism of hypoglycemia induced cognitive dysfunction, and clinical management measures. The aim is to improve the understanding of the relationship between hypoglycemia and cognitive dysfunction, and to provide scientific basis for further exploring the mechanism of diabetes mellitus with cognitive dysfunction.

Objective:To analyze the expression and clinical significance of lymphoid enhancer factor-1 (LEF-1) and P53 protein in hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Methods:A total of 50 cases with hilarcholangiocarcinoma in the Tangshan People′s Hospital from March 2010 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.P53 protein mutation was detected by immunohistochemistry.At the same time, the expression of LEF1 protein in cholangiocarcinoma and adjacent normal tissues was detected.The expression of LEF1 and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters were analyzed.At the same time, the relationship between p53 protein mutation and LEF1 protein expression and the prognosis of patients were discussed.Results:The positive expression rate of LEF1 in tumor tissues were 62.00%(31/50), which was higher than in adjacent tissues 36.00% (18/50). The difference was statistically significant (χ 2=6.763, P=0.016). There were 28 patients with TP53 protein mutation and 22 patients with wild type.The positive rate of LEF1 in TP53 mutant group was 75.00% (21/28), which was significantly higher than that in TP53 wild type group(45.45%, 10/22), and the difference was statistically significant(χ 2=4.565, P=0.03). The LEF1 expression was associated with tumor differentiation, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and TP53 protein mutation (all P<0.05). LEF-1 expression was positively correlated with TP53 protein mutation ( r=0.294, P=0.04). The 1-year cumulative survival rate of patients with TP53 protein mutation was significantly lower than that of patients with TP53 protein wild type (60% vs.81%, P=0.0416). The 1-year cumulative survival rate of patients with LEF1 positive expression was also significantly lower than that of patients with negative expression (53% vs.82%, P=0.0180). Conclusion:LEF-1 is highly expressed in hilar cholangiocarcinoma, and patients with high expression have poor prognosis.The positive expression of LEF-1 in hilar cholangiocarcinoma patients with TP53 protein mutation was increased, and the prognosis of patients with TP53 protein mutation was poor.

Objective To investigate the signal pathways involved in the effects of thyroid stimulating antibody(TSAb)on the secretory function of cultured thyrocytes.Methods (1)With the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),the PKA and PKC activities were observed.(2)Inhibitors or activators of protein kinases (PKA and PKC) were used to activate or block the signal pathways and the secretion of T3 measured by radioimmunoassay.Results (1)TSAb activated both PKA and PKC in thyrocytes in a dose-,time-dependent manner(.P.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of long guidewire exchange technique in performing cerebral angiography via radial artery approach.Methods The clinical data of 257 patients,who received cerebral angiography during the period from June 2014 to May 2016 at Daxing Hospital of Capital Medical University,Beijing,China,were retrospectively analyzed.Among the 257 patients,186 had type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ aortic arch.According to the different looping technologies for Simmons-2 catheter used in the performance of cerebral angiography,these 186 patients were divided into the study group (n=90) and the routine group (n=96).The success rate of radial artery puncturing,the success rate of Simmons-2 catheter looping formation,the success rate of supra-arch arterial catheterization,the time spent for angiography,the radiation exposure time,complications,etc.were recorded.Results The success rate of radial artery puncturing was 100％ in both groups.The success rate of Simmons-2 catheter looping formation in the study group was 97.8％,which was significantly higher than 72.9％ in the routine group (P＜0.05).The success rates of catheterization for the left subclavian artery,left common carotid artery and right carotid artery in the study group were 97.8％,97.8％ and 97.8％ respectively,which were remarkably higher than 72.9％,72.9％ and 72.9％ respectively in the routine group (P＜0.05).No statistically significant difference in the success rates of catheterization for right subclavian artery and for right vertebral artery existed between the two groups (P＞ 0.05).The time spent for angiography in the study group and the routine group was (22.5±9.4) min and (28.3±8.3) min respectively.The radiation exposure time in the study group was (8.9±4.5) min,which was obviously lower than (12.6±6.5) min in the routine group (P=0.017 and P=0.035,respectively).The incidences of complications in the study group and the routine group were 4.4％ and 5.2％ respectively,the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0.05).No severe complications,such as intracranial arterial embolie events,puncture bleeding,arterial occlusion,etc.,occurred in all patients of both groups.Conclusion The use of long guidewire exchange technology can improve the success rate of Simmon-2 catheter looping formation and the success rate of supra-arch arterial catheterization,it can also shorten the time for angiography procedure and reduce the radiation exposure time.This technique is very effective with higher safety.Therefore,this long guidewire exchange technique should be used as a common method for cerebral angiopraphy via radial artery approach in patients with type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ aortic arch.

Objective To detect DNA damage in rat lymphocytes and brain cells induced by tetramine and study the toxicological mechanism of tetramine.Methods Lymphocytes and brain cells were separated and collected from healthy rats.DNA damages of cells which were exposed to various doses of tetramine for 60 min was detected using the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or comet assay.Results These are different degree DNA damages of lymphocytes and brain cells exposed from doses 1/20 LD 50 doses of tetramine to 1/2 LD 50 doses of tetramine.The test groups are very significantly statistical different to the control group(P

Objective To observe the clinical effect of anterior capsule relaxing incisions with Nd:YAG laser in treating postop-erative anterior capsule contraction in high-risk cataract patients.Methods 120 high-risk cataract patients with postoperative ante-rior capsule contraction collected from December 2010 to November 2012 were divided into experimental group(performed the ante-rior capsule relaxing incisions on postoperative 3 d)and control group.The anterior capsule opening area was measured immediately after laser operation(baseline),in postoperative 1,3,6 months by using the Scheimpflug video photogeaphy system,and the descent rate of the opening area was simultaneously calculated.The decentration degree and tilt of intraocular lens(IOL),posterior capsule opacification and other complications were also assessed.Results Of the observed 120 cases,40 cases were pseudo posterior capsule stripping syndrome,40 cases were primary angle closure and 40 cases were diabetic retinopathy.There was no statistically signifi-cant difference in the baseline value of the opening area between the experimental group and the control group(P>0.05).In the ca-ses of primary angle closure 1,3,6 months after operation,the anterior capsule opening area in the experimental group was signifi-cantly increased compared with the control group(P<0.05)and the descent rate of the opening area was significantly diminished (P<0.05).In the cases of pseudo posterior capsule stripping syndrome or diabetic retinopathy,although there was no statistically significant difference in anterior capsule opening area between the experimental group and the control group(P>0.05),the descent rate of the opening area was significantly diminished(P<0.05).No significant differences were found in the aspects of IOL decen-tration and tilt,posterior capsule opacity,or other complications.Conclusion YAG laser anterior capsule relaxing incisions in the early period after cataract surgery is safe and effective in preventing anterior capsule contraction in high-risk patients.

Aim To study the effect of sibutramine hydrochloride on hypothalamus orexin system gene in high-fat dietary obesity rats.Methods SD rats were fed with high-fat diet to induce obesity model.Then,the rats were divided into two groups,the treatment group with sibutramine(8 mg?kg-1,ig)and control group with NaCl(ig)for 4 weeks.All rats' weight,blood fat and glucose were measured,prepro-orexin and its receptors mRNA expression in the hypothalamus were assessed by semi-quantity RT-PCR.Results Sibutramine not only decreased the obesity rats' weight and the level of serum lipid and glucose,but also increased the level of prepro-orexin mRNA expression in obesity rats.There was no difference in mRNA expression of both orexin receptors in each group.Conclusions Sibutramine hydrochlorid has an anti-obesity effect in high-fat obesity rats,which may be related to the increase of prepro-orexin gene mRNA expression level.

Objective:To establish an animal model in goats for curved mandibular regeneration by distraction osteogenesis(DO).Methods:Four goats were used.Internally installed curved mandibular distractors were activated 6 days after mandibular osteotomy on the mandibular angles or mandibular symphyses at a rate of l mm/d for 25~34 days.The mandibles were examined by roentgenography.Results:The arched defects of the mandibles in the 4 goats were reconstructed by regenerated bone by the end of DO.Conclusion:Internally installed curved distractor may be used for osteogenesis in the repaire of the arched mandibular defects.

To investigate the protective effect of melatonin on the kidneys of STZ-induced diabetic rats, experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 50 mg/kg in male Sprague-Dawley rats (150～200g). Three days after streptozotocin injection, the diabetic rats were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) DM, untreated; (2) DM+Mel 1, melatonin supplement at 0.2mg?kg -1?d -1, by gavage; (3) DM+Mel 2, melatonin supplement at 5mg?kg -1?d -1, by gavage. The treatment continued for 8 weeks. Periodically, body weight, blood glucose, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels were measured as clinical and biochemical parameters; plasma creatinine, creatinine clearance( Ccr), urinary protein excretion were detected as renal function indexes; kidney weight, glomerular area, PAS positive area, and cell counts were evaluated as histological damage indexes. Melatonin treatment had no significant effects on blood glucose and plasma cholesteral, but lowered plasma triglyceride level in diabetic rats. Melatonin treatment reduced urinary protein excretion. Until the end of the experiment, there were no significant changes in plasma creatinine level, Ccr in diabetic rats. Melatonin treatment decreased kidney weight/body weight ratio, reduced PAS positive area, glomerular cellular number and glomerular area which were increased in DM rats. The protective effects of melatonin were more obviose in high dosage groups. Melatonin treatment can aggravate glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial cell proliferation, delay the progression of glomerulosclerosis, and improve renal function of diabetic rats.