The authors studied depression, using Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) in the subjects of 3,499 male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of SDS during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total depression scores between male and female students: male students scored 35.68+7.46, female students scored 38.93+7.26 (P<0.01). The depression scores relating to the items of indecisiveness, psychomotor retardation, decreased libido, and diurnal variation were relatively higher in both groups. One hundred and sixty-one male students (4.6%) showed seriously high degree depression scores of 50 or higher, while one-hundred and seventeen female students (8.8%) showed the same scores. Female students attending in liberal arts showed higher level of depression scores (P<0.01). There was a strong tendency toward higher depression scores in the students who were dissatisfies with their home atmosphere, college, department and familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic views of self in the past, present or future in both groups (P<0.001).
Atmosphere ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; Parents ; Psychology ; Recognition (Psychology)

This study was carried out to develop a Korean language version of Zung's self-rating depression scale (SDS). The subjects consisted of 173 males and 161 females drawn from various groups of the general population by a cluster of sampling methods. In order to analyze the data on depression scores, Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient method was carried .out, as well as reliability and factor analysis, by the SPSS/PC+ program. The results obtained were as follows: The mean average of the total depression scores were 40.60. 8.66 for the subjects. Thirty-seven subjects (11.1%) showed high depression scores of 50 or over. Test-retest reliability(coefficient r=0.82, p <0.001), internal consistency(coefficient r=0.84, p <0.001) were satisfactory. Factor analysis using oblique technique rotation yielded five factors. The items of confusion, indecisiveness, decreased libido, diurnal variation, and psychomotor retardation were scored higher by the subjects. The items of suicidal rumination, psychomotor agitation, constipation, irritability, and weight loss were scored lower.
Constipation ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Weight Loss

Clinical observation was done on 300 cases of chronic prostatitis who visited Urologic Department. Korea University Hospital during the period of 24 months from January 1, 1976 to December 31, 1977. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The age distribution was between I9 and 65, while 55 percent of total cases belonged to the age group of 20 to 29. 2. The decreased libido was complained in 3l cases (10.3%) of chronic prostatitis, among them, 22 cases be1onged to married group. while 9 cases to unmarried group. Among the married group, 17 patients including S patients who had had vasectomy previously were between the age of SO and 49.3. Asymptomatic cases were found in 4S patients (14.3%), while many others had vague symptoms such as urethral discomfort. urethral discharge. pain on urination and perineal discomfort. 4. The past history of nonspecific urethritis were found in the l58 cases (52.7%). The duration of the infection was between l month to 6 months in 84 cases (53.1%), and between 13 months to 24 months in 49 cases (3l%). 5. Urinalysis were within normal limits in 229 cases (76.3%). Microscopic examination of prostatic fluid and urine shred wag done in all cases and in 249 cases (83%) revealed the presence of infection.
Age Distribution ; Humans ; Korea ; Libido ; Prostatitis* ; Single Person ; Urethritis ; Urinalysis ; Urination ; Vasectomy

In contrast to previous dogma, the decline in testosterone levels in postmenopausal women is thought to be age-related and not a specific function of the menopause. In addition to normal aging, many conditions affecting ovarian and adrenal function, factors leading to increased SHBG levels can decrease androgen levels below the physiologic range in women. Clinical symptoms of female androgen deficiency include a loss of libido, lack of well-being, and persistent fatigue. However, the diagnosis of female androgen deficiency, as recently provided by the Princeton consensus statement, is under debate due to several limitations. Testosterone therapy in postmenopausal women with symptoms suggestive of androgen deficiency remains controversial. The adverse effects of testosterone therapy appear to be low in incidence, but more studies are necessary to assess long-term safety. Therefore, the decision to treat or not to treat androgen deficiency in postmenopausal women must be carefully considered on an individual basis by comprehensive evaluation of potential benefits and risks.
Aging ; Consensus ; Fatigue ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Libido ; Menopause ; Risk Assessment ; Testosterone

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between serum total testosterone levels and scores on the Aging Male's Symptom (AMS) scale and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) in men with erectile dysfunction with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2005 to July 2008, 134 patients who complained of sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction or decreased libido as the main symptoms of TDS with serum total testosterone levels less than 3.5 ng/ml were evaluated by independent t-test and linear regression analysis, respectively. Patients with treated hypogonadism within 6 months, with a history of taking a PDE5 inhibitor or an antidepressant for a depressive disorder, or who had metabolic syndrome were excluded from this study. RESULTS: The AMS scale and its 3 subdomain scores were not significantly correlated with the total testosterone level. By contrast, the total IIEF score and the score of each IIEF domain except sexual desire showed a weakly significantly positive correlation with serum total testosterone. CONCLUSIONS: In TDS patients with erectile dysfunction, there was a low relationship between serum total testosterone levels and the AMS scale and a weakly positive correlation between total testosterone levels and all IIEF domains except sexual desire. There was a low relationship between the AMS scale, the sexual desire domain score of the IIEF, and total testosterone. We should understand these limitations when evaluating patients with erectile dysfunction with TDS. New scales should be developed for the evaluation of erectile dysfunction in these patients.
Aging ; Depressive Disorder ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Libido ; Linear Models ; Male ; Sorbitol ; Testosterone ; Tyramine ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: Retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy are well-known complications of diabetes; they are often expected to occur and, therefore, are usually tested for. However, urogenital complications, such as sexual and voiding dysfunctions, are less well known, and consequently, many patients are not treated appropriately despite their symptoms. Thus, we surveyed diabetic patients with regard to their perception of urogenital complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a survey for patients in our hospital who were being treated for diabetes mellitus (DM). The questionnaire included items on age, sex, treatment duration, treatment options for and the level of perception of urogenital symptoms, the presence of urogenital symptoms, and whether treatment was intended or had been initiated. RESULTS: In total, 275 patients participated in the survey. The perception questions on DM-associated urogenital complications showed that 89 patients (32.4%) had no knowledge, 84 patients (30.5%) had some knowledge, and 102 patients (37.1%) had detailed knowledge about these complications. A total of 124 patients (45.1%) reported urogenital symptoms: 93 patients (75.0%) reported voiding dysfunction and 61 patients (49.2%) reported sexual dysfunction. Common symptoms of voiding dysfunction were urinary frequency, nocturia, sense of residual urine, weak stream, and urinary incontinence. Common symptoms of sexual dysfunction were reduced libido, and erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: The survey showed that the subjective prevalence rate of urogenital symptoms in diabetic patients was 45.1%. However, only a small percentage (37.1%) of the patients cognized that these symptoms were associated with DM. Therefore, it is necessary to properly inform and educate diabetic patients on possible urogenital complications that may occur.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Libido ; Nocturia ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rivers ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urogenital System

The authors studied anxiety-depression using New Anxiety-Depression Scale (NADS), in the subjects of 3,499male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of NADS during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on anxiety-depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total scores between male and female students: male students scored 31.49±6.57 female students scored 33.37±6.84 (p<0.001) The anxiety-depression scores relating to the items of sleep disturbance, apprehension, decreased libido, and fatigue were relatively higher in both groups. Ninety-nine male students (2.8%) showed seriously high degree anxiety-depression scores of 50 or higher, while forty female students (3.0%) showed the same scores. There was a strong tendency toward higher anxiety-depression scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, colleges, departments and familiarity of parents, and those who had pessimistic views of self image in the past, present, or future in both groups (p<0.001). The students whose maturation locations were below city level, showed higher level of anxiety-depression scores in both groups (p<0.05). NADS and SAS, SDS, and Leeds scale were correlated significantly in 0.64, 0.61, and 0.77 of correlation coefficient.
Atmosphere ; Fatigue ; Female ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; NAD ; Parents ; Psychology ; Recognition (Psychology)

Simultaneous monitoring of penile photoelectric plethysmography, penile tumescences, penile rigidity, bulbocavernosus-ischiocavernosus EMG and EKG was attempted to investigate the age-related erectile response to short period erotic film in 50 normal males and to elucidate the range of its characteristics for the diagnosis of impotence. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; l. Variability was observed in temporal relationship between penile pulse amplitude and penile erection. Of the 45 subjects who showed erection and/or increase in penile pulse amplitude 4 categories of response could be defined : Type I was observed in 13 subjects (28.9%)-erection and increased penile pulse amplitude occurring in parallel ; Type II, in 26 subjects(57.8%)_erection with increased penile pulse amplitude during the development or decline of erection but not during maximum erection ; Type III, in 4 subjects(8. 8%)_erection with no change in penile pulse amplitude ; and Type IV, in 2 subjects (4.4 %)_increased penile pulse amplitude without any erection. These results suggest that penile erection does not exclusively depend increased penile arterial blood flow but upon the cooperative mechanisms with the action of venous blockade which corresponds flexibly to the degree of arterial blood flow. 2. Following erotic stimulation, there was tendency to delay in latency to erection with aging. However, no difference in penile tumescence and rigidity among age groups was observed. This indicates that if the subject is affected by libido owing to strong erotic stimulation, maximum erection ensues regardless of aging. 3. The fact that subjects with good erection shows enough libido and that maximum erection ensues if erection develop under strong erotic stimulation suggests visual sexual stimulation method would be useful in differentiatial diagnosis of erectile dysfunction.
Adult* ; Aging ; Diagnosis ; Electrocardiography ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; Penile Erection ; Plethysmography

Ninety-one cases of chronic prostatitis were studied endoscopically and the results were evaluated. Endoscopic appearance of the bladder neck in the presence of chronic prostatitis was classified as 1. Normal bladder neck, 16 cases (17.5 per cent) 2. Elevated posterior urethra, 8 cases (8.7 per cent) 3. Contracture of the neck, 19 cases (20.8 per cent) 4. Diffuse, irregular swelling and narrowing of the neck, 19 cases (20.8 per cent) 5. Reversed V-neck, 2S cases (31.8 per cent) In this study it was found that the bladder neck was abnormal in 82.1 per cent of the cases. In 36 instances or 39.5 per cent. the verumontanum appeared normal but abnormal in 55 cases or 60.5 per cent. Bilateral prostatic urethral walls were inflammatory in 57 cases and unilaterally inflammatory in 6 cases. Forty-two cases (46.1 per cent) revealed elevation of the posterior urethra and the prostatic urethral floor was hyperemic and edematous in 44 cases. In 40 cases (43.9 per cent), the normal bladder mucosa was observed, trabeculation and cellulation in 43 cases and trigonal and interureteric thickening in 7 cases were also observed. Decreased libido was present in 12 instances (33.3 per cent) of 36 cases having normal verumontanum and in 25 instances (45.4 per cent) of 55 cases having abnormal one. Urinary symptoms were most frequently positive in cases with bladder neck contracture. The results of treatment using Ultzmann's urethral syringe were evaluated as follows: Complete cure was obtained in 8 cases (19.5 per cent) almost complete cure in 14 cases (34.1 per cent), improvement in 15 cases (36.5 per cent) and no remarkable change in 4 cases (9.7 per cent). Five cases had transurethral resection and four achieved almost complete cure and one improved clinically. Subjective symptoms were completely relieved in 23 cases (56.1 per dent) and more than two thirds of the previous symptoms were gone in 18 cases (43.9 per cent) after treatment. In summary. endoscopic examination on chronic prostatitis is s worthwhile and important procedure in establishing therapeutic criteria.
Contracture ; Endoscopy ; Libido ; Mucous Membrane ; Neck ; Prostatitis* ; Syringes ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder

Apart from sleep wake disorders, nowadays, modafinil is being prescribed for several psychiatric disorders including depression. Despite being reported as to be having very low abuse potential, cases of modafinil dependence had come to the limelight. In this case report, we describe a 35 year old man with bipolar affective disorder while in remission who developed modafinil dependence and later on, had hypersexuality when he increased the dose of modafinil from 400 to 1,000 mg/day. Existing literature suggests that modafinil when taken above prescribed doses can cause many side effects ranging from nausea, vomiting to psychotic exacerbation and mania. However, hypersexuality as a side effect of modafinil overuse is not commonly seen. The exact pathophysiological mechanism of modafinil induced hypersexuality is not clear. Clinicians should be aware of possibility of modafinil leading to dependence and this rare significant side effect of modafinil.
Bipolar Disorder ; Depression ; Libido ; Mood Disorders ; Nausea ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Vomiting