The effective components are the material basis for efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), also the core of its quality control. This paper focused on two key scientific issues that how do the effective components form?, How can we improve the effective components?, combining with examples of our group's research, to dis-cuss the research thoughts, technical methods for TCM quality-design. This paper provided a methodological refer-ence for the study of TCM quality-control.

Objective:To analyze the chemical constituents of the ether extracts from the fruits of 3 species of Chaenomeles . Methods: The chemical constituents were analyzed by GC MS. Results: Sixty one constituents were firstly isolated and identified from the fruits of 3 species of Chaenomeles . Forty compounds in Chaenomeles lagenaria , thirty four compounds in Xuan mugua ( C.lagenaria from Xuanzhou) and 23 compounds in C.sinensis were isolated and identified respectively. There were 10 compounds in all 3 species of Chaenomeles , but their contents were very much different. They were acetic acid, benzaldehyde, n caproic acid, 14 methyl pentadecanoic methyl ester, glycerin, benzoic acid, 6,9 octadecadienoic methyl ester, squalane, stearic acid and oleic eicosyl ester. Conclusion: The composition and content vary with different species and district of Chaenomeles . The result may be useful for the evaluation of Chaenomeles fruits quality. [

Objective To observe the effects of the chronic adventitia injury on the vasoconstriction of the rat carotid artery. Methods A non-occlusive silicone collar was positioned around the right carotid artery of rats. Blood flow and vascular reactivity to 5-HT were examined, and both carotids were harvested for morphometry at day 3,7 and 14 after operation. Results In the early stage of advenfitia injury induced by positioning a silicone collar around file rat carotid artery, there appeared the characteristic histological changes of chronic vasospasm in collared artery, such as the reduction of the luminal area for （12.15±2.29）% at day 3 after operation （P =0.003 ） and （45.17±3.84）% at day 7 （P 〈 0.001 ）] ,corrugation of the internal elastic lamina,medial thickening up to [ （23.04±5.96）% at day 3 （P =0.009）, （61.65±10.32）% for day 7 （P 〈 0.001 ）] ,the reduction of the blood flow and the increase of vascular reactivity to 5-HT when compared to con- tralateral arteries. Two weeks after collar placement, the vascular wall remodeling was observed in injured artery, such as the medial thickening for [（31.52±4.56） %,P =0.012] and a diffuse intimal hyperplasia,the reduction of the lunfinal area [（37.17±4.57）% （P 〈 0.001）] and the carotid artery blood flow. The average neointima area was （0.19±0.05） rom2 in collared arteries. The vascular reactivity to 5-HT came back to the normal level. Conclusions Collar-induced advenfitia injury caused the enhancement of vascular contractility and the neointima formation. The change of vascular contractility appeared before the formation of neointima.

Objective:To bring the teaching quality assessment to a full play and enhance the monitoring of teaching procedure by comparing and analyzing the teaching quality assessment by college students and teaching supervisors.Method:To select the teaching quality scores of 80 person-times by students and teaching supervisors in Second Military Medical Universities from March to April in 2007 as samples and to apply Kappa statistics to evaluate the identity of the assessment by students and supervisors.Results:The Kappa value is lower than 0.4,showing that the teaching quality assessments by students and supervisors are not very identical.Conclusion:Taking effective measures to improve the reliability,validity and correctness of teaching assessment is especially necessary.

Objective: To deepen students' comprehension on theory knowledge of pharmacognosy and reinforce the understanding of cultivar identification,quality evaluation and resources exploration on crude drug.Methods: Designing experiment of pharmacognosy on cultivar identification and quality evaluation which are divided into three stages: formulating experimental scheme,implementing experiment and making summary and analysis.Results: Students have complete and systematic recognition about cultivar identification and quality evaluation of pharmacognosy,their self-study ability has been enhanced and their innovation and ability cultivated.Conclusions: The designing experiment combined with practical work of pharmacognosy,and teaching theory has trained the students practical and innovational ability,and good teaching result has been obtained.

Objective To evaluate the influences of susceptibility interpretation of Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis in China mainland according to the old and new ceftazidime,cefotaxime and ceftriaxone breakpoints in CLSI M100-S20 and CLSI M100-S19. Methods First, We analyzed the antibacterial susceptibility results of the three bacteria by agar dilution method in the SEANIR surveillance item, which were collected from 15 national hospitals between the year of 2005 and 2007 and excluded the AmpC enzyme positive isolates according to the PGR-DNA sequencing method and/or the antibacterial susceptibility phenotype. ESBL phenotype was confirmed by the CLSI phenotypic confirmatory test. Antibacterial susceptibility of the total 2733 Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis isolates was retrospectively analyzed by WHONET 5. 4 software according to the breakpoints of the CLSI M100-S19 (S19) and CLSI M100-S20 (S20). Second, 207 isolates of Peking Union Medical College Hospital with the results of both agar dilution method and disk diffusion method were performed by recurrent analysis. Then we observed the inter-method agreement through the scatter diagram according to the breakpoints of S19 and S20. Results First, as to the ESBL positive Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabili.s, the resistant rate of cefotaxime increased from 65.2% , 55.5%, 14. 6% under S19 (64 μg/ml) to 99. 7%, 96. 2% , 93. 8% under S20 (4 μg/ml). The susceptibility rates decreased from 6. 0%, 11.5%, 33.3% under S19 (8 μg/ml) to 0%, 0. 2%, 0% under S20 ( 1 μg/ml). Ceftriaxone had the same trend as cefotaxime. Though ceftazidime was more active than cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, as to the ESBL positive Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, the resistant rates slightly increased from 30. 3%,43. 2% under S19 (32 μg/ml) to42.0%, 56. 0% under S20 (16 μg/ml). The susceptibility rates slightly decreased from 58. 1%, 44. 1% under S19 (8 μg/ml) to 44. 7%, 28.0% under S20 (4 μg/ml). Second,as to the ESBL negative Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis, all the susceptibility rates of ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were between 99. 2%-100. 0%, the resistant rate were between 0%-0. 4%. Third, the S20 MIC breakpoints had a good correspondence with the ESBL phenotype.Fourth, according to the recurrent analysis of MIC testing and disk dilution method, r value was 0. 67,0. 79, 0. 77 for ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, respectively, and all P value were under 0. 01. The intermethod rates of S19 and S20 were both acceptable. Conclusions If the cefotaxime and ceftriaxone S20 new breakpoints were used, the concordance of antibacterial susceptibility results and ESBL phenotype would increase greatly. The clinician could select proper antibiotics according to the antibacterial susceptibility results and clinical symptoms. It is no longer necessary to edit results for cephalosporins, aztreonam, or penicillins from susceptible to resistant. However, until laboratories implement the new interpretive criteria,ESBL testing should be performed as described in Supplemental Table 2A-S1. The relationship between the new breakpoints of ceftazidime and clinical outcomes need to be further evaluated.

Objective To evaluate the performance of modified Hodge test on the detection of carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems. Methods Fortynine Enterobacteriaceae isolates with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems ( MIC of imipenem, meropenem or ertapenem was ≥ 2 μg/ml ) were collected from 16 teaching hospitals from 2004 to 2008. MICs of imipenem, meropenem and etapenem were determined by agar dilution method. Carbapenemases were detected by modified Hodge test. Carbepenemase-causing positive results and AmpCs-causing positive results were differentiated by phenyl boronic acid and oxacillin. Beta-lactamases encoding genes including blaNDM-1were detected by PCR and sequencing. Results Thirty-six of 49 isolates were non-susceptible to imipenem (MIC >4 μg/ml), 31 were non-susceptible to meropenem (MIC > 4 μg/ml) and 47 were non-susceptible to ertapenem (MIC > 2 μg/ml). Twenty-three isolates showed positive modified Hodge test result, including 9 weak-positive results and 14 strong-positive results. Through PCR detection and sequencing, 2 out of 9 isolates showing weak-positive results carried blaKPC-2 and other 7 did not carry any carbapenemase genes but AmpCs/ESBLs genes. Among the 14 isolates showing strong-positive results, 4 carried blaKPC-2, 8 carried blaIMP-4 and 2 caried blaIMP-8. All 26 isolates with negative modified Hodge test result didn't carry any carbapenemase genes. No isolate carried blaNDM-1. Carbapenemases genes PCR detection was regarded as a gold standard, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of modified hodge test was 100%, 79%, 70% and 100% on the detection of carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems. Conclusions Modified Hodge test revealed great sensitivity but showed a few false positive results. True and false positive results can be effectively differentiated by phynel boronic acid and oxacillin.

Combretum indicum can kill insects and benefit the spleen and stomach, which is the most important medicine to treat children's diseases. The classics of materia medica, calendar edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, local processing standards and related literature were reviewed to sort out the processing history of Combretum indicum, compare the ancient medicinal parts and processing methods, and summarize the inclusion in national and local standards. The history of the evolution of Combretum indicum was summarized in order to provide ideas for rational drug use in clinical and standard improvement.

Objective To establish the quality standard of Gansu granules (GGs) and effectively control the quality of GGs. Methods TLC identification method of Gansu granules was improved by using pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside as the indicator. In HPLC analysis, Agilent ZorbaxSB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μ m) was used as a chromatographic column, and acetonitrile-0.5% formic acid solution was used as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength of 280 nm was used to analyze the content of pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside in GGs. Results The separation of characteristic spots was good and clear when the established TLC method was used to identify Gansu granules. Quantitative analysis showed that the concentration of pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside has a good linear relationship with the peak area in the range of 2.4-240 µg/ml (r= 0.9999). The average sample recovery rate of pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside is 100.76% with RSD value of 0.66%. The accuracy was good. Conclusion The TLC identification method and HPLC content determination method established in this experiment have strong specificity and good reproducibility, and can be used as an improved standard for the quality control of Gansu granules.

Objective To establish and improve the quality standard of ginkgo semen decoction pieces. Methods The morphological character for 29 batches of ginkgo gemen and 12 batches of stir-fried ginkgo gemen were observed, and the moisture contents were assayed using the method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, the first supplement. Results The character of ginkgo gemen and stir-fried ginkgo gemen were consistent in different batches. The moisture content of ginkgo gemen was 8.8% to 12.2%, with an average of 10.5%. The moisture content of stir-fried ginkgo gemen was from 5.4% to 12.3%, with an average of 8.9%. Considering that ginkgo semen decoction pieces are stored for a long time, they are prone to the attack of mildew and insects, and the moisture limit is set to be no more than 10.0% in ginkgo gemen and stir-fried ginkgo. Conclusion Compared with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, the first supplement, the character identification for ginkgo semen decoction pieces was added and the quality standards were improved. The moisture content of ginkgo semen decoction pieces needs to be strictly controlled under 10.0% to prevent mildew and insects.