Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE) is a chronic multisystem relapsing-remitting autoimmune disease, which affects human health seriously.There are numerous animal models that have long been employed in an effort to un-derstand the mechanism and treatment of SLE.Animal models of SLE were reviewed and compared in this paper, to provide references for the researchers to choose appropriate models for studying specific pathogenic mechanism and diagnostic crite-ria, searching for targeted treatment interventions and developing potential therapeutic drugs.

AIM: To investigate the effects of propofol, midazolam and thiopental sodium on neurologic and histologic outcome from focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in a rat model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). 　METHODS: Male SD rats were scheduled to undergo 3 h MCAO by intraluminal suture and 24 h reperfusion. Neurologic outcome was scored with a 0-5 grading scale. Infarct volume was shown with TTC staining and measured by image analysis system. Ultrastructure of the tissues taken from the brim of the damaged area was examined under electron microscope. 　RESULTS: Both propofol and midazolam could attenuate neurologic deficits, reduce infarct and edema volumes, and ameliorate ultrastructure damage at the brim of lesion. Propofol showed better neuroprotection than midazolam while thiopental sodium did not exhibit protective effect.　CONCLUSION: Propofol and midazolam, but not thiopental sodium, can provide protective effects against reperfusion induced injury in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia.

OBJECTIVE To explore pathogens and drug resistance in ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii,and to provide the corresponding clinical prevention strategies.METHODS The clinical resords and the bacterial susceptibility results of sputum cultivation in 62 cases with VAP caused by A.baumannii between from 2003 and 2006 in ICU of our hospital were reviewed.RESULTS All of the patients suffered from severe underlying diseases,the aged accounted for 77.4%.At least one kind of antibiotic was used in all cases before occurrence of VAP.30.6% of the cases had mixed infection.VAP caused by A.baumannii had the rise trend year by year.The results of bacterial susceptibility showed that A.baumannii had multiple drug resistance,but was lowly resistant to cefoperazone/sulbactam and imipenem.CONCLUSIONS The reasonable choice for antibiotic of VAP caused by A.baumannii should be based on the latest local surveillance on etiology and drug resistance.

OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence of aac(6′)-Ⅰb with its subtypes,one kind of gene for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Escherichia coli.METHODS DNA sequences were analyzed in those strains with aac(6′)-Ⅰb,compared to its family marked in NCBI.Thus,its subtypes were determined.RESULTS Four strains were classical on genotype,the other one with aac(6′)-Ⅰb-Cr,and the last one with a new subtype among the 6 strains of E.coli with aac(6′)-Ⅰb.CONCLUSIONS There exist at least 3 subtypes of aac(6′)-Ⅰb,one kind of gene for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in local strains of E.coli.Among those subtypes,the classical type is the main,accompanied by aac(6′)-Ⅰb-Cr and its new subtype.

OBJECTIVE To investigate drug resistance of Escherichia coli,especially the prevalence of the genes for TEM and SHV type ?-lactams in ESBLs-producing E.coli. METHODS A total of 2277 strains of E.coli collected in our hospital from Jan 2006 to Nov 2008 were analyzed for drug resistance to 21 kinds of antibiotics such as aminoglycoside,?-lactams and quinolones using VITEK-32 GNS-145 or GNS-448 card following GNI + for identification.PCR methods were used to analyze TEM and SHV type ?-lactams genes in 36 strains of E.coli with ESBLs so as to study their prevalence. RESULTS From them 1025 strains of E.coli were found positive for ESBLs,with a positive rate of 45.0%.Drug resistance rates were 83.0%,74.0%,52.0%,52.0%,29.1%,27.8%,16.5%,47.0%,31.0%,54.5%,53.0%,56.8%,10.0%,53.9%,38.5%,5.0%,4.0%,5.0% and 5.0%,respectively,for ampicillin,ampicillin/sulbactam,cefazolin,cefuroxime,aztreonam,cefepime,ceftazidime,ceftriaxone,cefotaxime,ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin,gentamicin,amikacin,tobramycin,Co-trimoxazole,nitrofurantoin,piperacillin /tazobactam,cefoperazone/sulbactam and cefoxitin.None was found resistant to imipenem or meropenem.Twenty-five and 14 strains of E.coli were found positive for TEM and SHV genes,respectively(69.4% and 38.9%). CONCLUSIONS Drug resistance of E.coli is severe.The local E.coli with ESBLs shows high positive rates of TEM and SHV genes,which play an important role in its severe drug resistance.

OBJECTIVE To compare and analyze the drug resistance of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum which producing metallo-?-lactamase(MBL) and extended-spectrum-?-lactamases(ESBLs) from ICU patients′ and non ICU patients′ specimens of sputa so as to guide the rational application of antibiotics.METHODS Identified the strains with VITEK 32,MBL and ESBLs were also screened by double disk synergy;the antimicrobial sensitivity of clinical isolates was tested by VITEK GNS143 and the antimicrobial sensitivity was added and tested by K-B method.RESULTS As a result the rate of producing MBL of C.meningosepticum was 49.0% from ICU patients′ specimens of sputa which was higher than the rate of 13.8% from non ICU patients′;the rate of producing ESBLs of C.meningosepticum was 37.2% from ICU patients′ specimens of sputa which was higher than the rate of 30.6% from non ICU patients′;the rate of drug resistance to AMP/SUB,TZP,CEP,CIP,and LEV from ICU patients′ was higher than that from non ICU patients.CONCLUSIONS Why the high resistance rate of C.mengingosepticum in ICU patients′ specimens of sputa might be due to the high producing ?-lactamases(MBL and ESBLs).

Objective To explore the effects of mirror therapy combined with Tongdu Xingshen acupuncture on the upper extremity function of stroke survivors.Methods Sixty stroke survivors were randomly divided into a mirror group (n =20),an acupuncture group (n =20) and a combined group (n =20).In addition to routine rehabilitation treatment,those in each group received mirror therapy,acupuncture or both for 4 weeks.Before the treatment and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment,all of the patients were assessed using the Fugl-Meyer motor function assessment (FMA),Brunnstrom upper limb and hand staging (BSULH),the Barthel Index (BI) and in terms of the active range of motion in the wrist contralateral to their hemiplegia (AROM).The combined group was also evaluated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before treatment and after the 4 weeks.Results After 2 and 4 weeks of the treatment,the average BI,AROM,FMA and BSULH results had improved significantly compared with before the treatment.The improvements in the combined group were significantly greater than in the other groups after 2 and 4 weeks.The fMRI demonstrated that there were high-intensity signals in the primary motor area,the premotor area and the supplementary motor area on the affected side after 4 weeks of treatment.Conclusions Mirror therapy combined with Tungdu Xingshen acupuncture can improve the functional performance of the upper extremities of stroke survivors.

Objective To investigate drug resistance,especially the resistance to aminoglycoside and the prevalence of the genes for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Escherichia coli producing ESBLs.Methods VITEK-32 GNI+ cards and K-B methods were used to identify E.coli and detect the resistance to 18 kinds of antibiotics such as aminoglycoside and ?-lactams respectively in E.coli isolated from our hospital from January to December,2006.PCR method was used to detect the genes for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes such as aac(3)-Ⅰ,aac(3)-Ⅱ,aac(6')-Ⅰb,aac(6')-Ⅱ,ant(3″)-Ⅰ and ant(2″)-Ⅰ in those 17 strains producing ESBLs.Results Resistance rates were 100.0%,100.0%,41.6%,100.0%,69.5%,30.5%,98.2%,81.0%,81.0%,79.6%,79.2%,34.8%,15.4%,7.1%,7.9%,5.4% and 81.0% for ampicillin,ampicillin/sulbactam,aztreonam,cefazolin,cefepime,ceftazidime,ceftriaxone,ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin,gentamicin,tobramycin,amikacin,cifoxitin,nitrofurantoin,piperacillin/tazobactam,cefoperazone/sulbactam and co-trimoxazole respectively in E.coli producing ESBLs.No drug-resistant strain imepenem was found.Positive rate was 46.4% for ESBLs.Resistance rates were 52.9%(9/17),100.0%(17/17) and 100%(17/17) for amikacin,gentamycin and tobmycin respectively in those 17 strains producing ESBLs.The most genotype for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes was aac(3)-Ⅱ(94.1%),the second was aac(6')-Ⅰb(35.3%).The positive rates of aac(3″)-Ⅰ and ant(2″)-Ⅰ were 11.8% and 5.9% respectively.of them,one strain was resistant to aminoglycoside on phenotype,but no genes mentioned above was detected.4strains were classical on genotype,one with aac(6')-Ⅰb-Cr,the other one with a new subtype among the 6 strains of E.coli with aac(6')-Ⅰb.Conclusions Drug resistance in E.coli is rather serious.Typically,E.coli producing ESBLs shows multi-drug resistance.Positive rate for aac(3)-Ⅱ takes the first place,followed by aac(6')-Ⅰb among the genes for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes.Aac(3″)-Ⅰand ant(2″)-Ⅰ show both lower positive rates.Aac(3)-Ⅰ and aac(6')-Ⅱ were not found.There exist at least 3 sub-types of aac(6')-Ⅰb,one kind of gene for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in strains of E.coli.Among those sub-types,the classical type is the main,accompanied by aac(6')-Ⅰb-Cr and its new sub-type.

Aim To investigate the in vitro vasorelax-ant effect of DL0805-0, a Rho kinase inhibitor, on iso-lated rat thoracic aorta and explore its underlying mechanism. Methods Tension was measured to eval-uate the vasorelaxant effect of DL0805-0 on rat endo-thelium-intact and endothelium-denuded thoracic aorta rings. Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil, nitric oxide syn-thase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester ( L-NAME), guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue, cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, calcium-activa-ted potassium channel blocker tetraethyl ammonium ( TEA ) , ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker glibenclamide and voltage-dependent potassium chan-nel blocker 4-aminopyridine ( 4-AP ) were used to il-lustrate the mechanisms of vasorelaxant effect of DL0805-0 . Results DL0805-0 exerted vasorelaxation in a dose-dependent manner in KCl (60 mmol·L-1 ) or NE ( 0. 1 μmol · L-1 ) -induced contraction. DL0805-0-induced vasorelaxation was significantly re-duced by L-NAME. However, methylene blue and in-domethacin did not significantly affect vasorelaxation of DL0805-0. In endothelium-denuded rings, TEA re-markably attenuated the vasorelaxant effect of DL0805-0 , while glibenclamide and 4-AP did not affect vasore laxation of DL0805-0 significantly. DL0805-0 also re-duced NE-induced transient contraction and inhibited contraction induced by increasing extracellular calci-um. Conclusion These results suggest that DL0805-0 induces vasorelaxation through an endothelium-depend-ent pathway. The opening of calcium-activated K+channels and blocking of Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells may be one of the mechanisms of DL0805-0-induced vasorelaxation.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its associated metabolic risk factors in the healthy adults in Gansu Province, a western province of China.Methods Through stratified, multistage probability population sampling, 11 300 adults (4 740 men and 6 417 women aged 18-79 years) who had been living in their current residence for at least 5 years were arbitrarily chosen from seven representative geographical cities in Gansu Province from June 2014 to December 2015.The data obtained from a questionnaire-based survey, anthropometric and biochemical assessments, and areal bone mineral density measurement were collected and analyzed.Results The overall mean serum 25(OH)D was (16.07±9.40) μg/L.The prevalence of severe deficiency (<10 μg/L), deficiency (≥10 μg/L and <20 μg/L), insufficiency (≥20 μg/Land <30 μg/L), and sufficiency (≥30 μg/L) among these adults were 17.3％, 64.6％, 11.8％, and 6.3％, respectively.The significant predictors of vitamin D deficiency included younger age and female sex(P<0.05), whereas sun exposure, physical activity, and calcium supplementation were protective (P<0.05).Serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with parathyroid hormone (r=-0.279, P<0.001) and positively associated with serum calcium (r=0.239, P<0.001), serum phosphorus (r=0.090, P=0.018), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(r=0.100, P=0.008), and body mass index (r=0.093, P=0.014).The 25(OH)D concentration showed no significant correlation with bone mineral density (P>0.05).Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among adult populations in Gansu, northwestern of China, and is largely attributed to younger age and female sex.The cumulative effects of factors including sun exposure, physical activity, and calcium supplementation play an influential role in maintaining vitamin D levels.