Artificial muscle can be sorted into two classes. Electron transported materials were powered by electron field at high voltage including electric field responsive elastomer, piezoelectric and ferroelectric polymer. Other new materials are phase electrolytic phase transformation actuators, liquid crystal, molecular actuator, ets. Ion transported materials works at low voltage, pH response gels, ionic polymer metal composites, conductive polymers, as well as carbon nanotubes are belong to this type. Some of the artifrcial muscle designs showed potential application in assay sampling, eye muscle, limb prosthesis muscles, and artificial heart materiales.

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) enables non-invasive imaging characterization of tissue vascularity with small molecular weight gadolinium chelates. Depending on this technique, tissue blood perfusion, microvessel permeability and extracellular leakage space can be obtained. The basic principles of two dynamic MRI techniques (T2*W and T1W DCE-MRI) and their applications in prostate cancer of DCE-MRI including diagnosis, differential diagnosis, formulation of treatment plan, evaluation of therapeutic reaction, detection of lesion recurrent were reviewed in this article.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure,blood glucose,lipid profiles and blood uric acid in healthy populations in Hefei of Anhui province.Methods A total of 3 640 healthy adults were enrolled to analyze the relationship between BMI and blood pressure and serum levels of lipid profiles,uric acid and glucose.Results The mean BMI of the subjects was (25.5±2.8) kg/m2 (men vs women:(26.3±2.5) vs (23.9±2.8) kg/m2).BMI showed a significant difference in different age groups (P＜0.05).Different BMI subgroup had statistically significant difference in blood pressure,glucose,lipid profiles and uric acid.In different gender and age groups,BMI,blood pressure,glucose,blood lipid and uric acid were found to be significantly different.Conclusion The prevalence of obesity and overweight is high in our health check-up populations.It should be important to prevent and control hypertension,high blood glucose,high blood uric acid and other chronic diseases.

Objective To analyze effect of balloon embolization therapy for traumatic carotid cavernous fistula (TCCF),so as to provide references for treatment of this disease.Methods A total of 21 patients with TCCF managed with balloon embolization from April 2006 to March 2012 were collected in the study.There were 17 males aged (32.3 ±5.4) years and 4 females aged (40.6 ±5.8)years.Perioperative clinical presentations and imageologic changes were observed as well as operative outcome was evaluated.Results After 3 months of follow-up,20 patients experienced successful detachable balloon embolization,but the other one patient had to have stent angioplasty due to the failure of the procedure.All patients had some improvements on clinical presentations after operation (P ＜ 0.05).Imageologic examination revealed that all patients had complete occlusion of TCCF following operation.In follow-up,one patient had a relapse,with total curative ratio of 95％.Conclusions Detachable balloon embolization is effective in treatment of TCCF.Presently,the technique is an optimal method for such kind of disease and is worthy of wide clinical use.

Objective To detect apoptosis of transplanted lung adenocarcinoma cells in nude mice after 125I brachytherapy by 99Tcm-Annexin V combined with diffusion weighted MRI (MR-DWI).Methods Twenty-five BALB/c-nu nude mice models subcutaneously transplanted with A549 cells were divided into experimental group (EG,n=13) and control group (CG,n=12) by random number table method.One 125I seed with apparent activity of (24.8±6.3) MBq was implanted into each mouse in EG,while CG underwent cold seed implantation.Both of 99Tcm-Annexin V imaging and MR-DWI were performed within 7-10 d after brachytherapy,then all mice were sacrificed and tumor cell apoptosis was detected by terminal oxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) immunofluorescence,Survivin expression was assayed by SP.Two-sample t test,x2 test and Pearson correlation analysis were used for data analysis.Results Positive rate of cell apoptosis by 99Tcm-Annexin V imaging was 69.2％(9/13) and 8.3％(1/12) respectively in EG and CG (x2 =12.73,P＜0.01).The uptake ratio of 99Tcm-Annexin V,apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) value and apoptosis index(M) of the tumor in EG were 2.91±0.85,(2.03±0.44)×10-3 mm2/s and (49± 18) ％,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of CG (1.26 ± 0.37,(1.29 ± 0.21) ×10-3 mm2/s and (11±4)％ respectively,t=5.930,5.452,7.606,all P＜0.05).Survivin expression in EG and CG was (46± 13) ％ and (15±7) ％ respectively (t =5.158,P＜0.05).The value of ADC was correlated with AI and uptake ratio(r=0.756,0.788,both P＜0.05).Uptake ratio was correlated with AI (r=0.754,P＜0.05),while Survivin expression was negatively correlated with AI (r =-0.772,P＜0.05).Conclusions Down-regulation of Survivin expression may play an important role in apoptosis induced by 125I brachytherapy.99Tcm-Annexin V combined with MR-DWI could effectively evaluate apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells in a non-invasive way,thus it might be helpful in evaluation of early efficacy of 125I brachytherapy.

Background and purpose: Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) has been suggested to be a novel biomarker of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The present study aimed to evaluate and compare HE4 with the commonly used marker, carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) and imaging examinations in detecting the recurrence of postoperative EOC. Methods:In this study, 92 patients with the recurrence of postoperative EOC were analyzed retro-spectively. The treatments method included the secondary operation (48 patients) and chemotherapy (44 patients). The sensitivity of CA125, HE4 and CT/MRI examinations in detecting the recurrence of postoperative EOC were analyzed and correlated with surgical pathology and clinical follow-up results. Results:The sensitivity of CA125 and HE4 were 58.7%and 61.9%with no signiifcant difference (P>0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity of CA125 combined with HE4 (80.4%) was statistically higher than that of 2 tumor marks being applied independently (P>0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity of CT/MRI examinations (88.0%) was statistically higher than that of CA125 and HE4 (P<0.05), and no signiifcant difference was observed between CT/MRI and combined CA125 and HE4 (P>0.05). The highest diagnostic sensitivity (97.8%) was attained by combining of CA125, HE4 and CT/MRI examinations, which was statistically high-er than that of CA125 combined with HE4 (P<0.01), and CT/MRI examinations (P<0.05). Conclusion:Serum HE4 is an effective tumor marker in detecting the recurrence of postoperative EOC as well as serum CA125. HE4 and CA125 may improve the diagnostic sensitivity statistically. The highest diagnostic sensitivity was attained by combining of CA125, HE4 and CT/MRI examinations, which is the suitable strategy in screening the patient of postoperative EOC.

Objective To compare the clinical value of different endoscopic methods for infiltration depth of early esophageal cancer. Methods Patients with suspected esophageal cancer, examined in Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital from August 2013 to February 2016 were enrolled to this study. The patients underwent narrow band imaging( NBI) with magnifying endoscopy( including IPCL?type and B?type methods) and endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) to estimate infiltration depth and then underwent iodine staining and biopsy. All lesions, which included the identified moderate?severe hyperplasia, high?grade intraepithelial neoplasia and early esophageal cancer and those which were diagnosed as possible cancer by white light and NBI with the negative pathological results, were given endoscopic or surgical procedure depending on patients′ choices. A total of 54 cases were diagnosed as early esophageal cancer, with pathological results as the gold standard. The diagnostic accuracy of invasion depth of these patients was compared by the statistic kappa values. Results Type B of NBI was highly consistent with the final pathological results(Kappa=0?802). White light endoscopy and IPCL type had poorer results(Kappa=0?596, Kappa = 0?601 ) compared with the final pathological results. However, EUS had the lowest consistency with the final pathological results( Kappa=0?132) . For the mucosal layer( M1?M2) infiltration of the esophageal cancer, type B showed the highest accuracy ( 86?7%, 26/30 ) , followed by white light endoscopy(76?7%, 23/30) and IPCL type(73?3%, 22/30). And EUS showed the lowest diagnostic accuracy(30?0%, 9/30) and the highest over?diagnostic rate(70?0%,21/30). For the cancer infiltration depth( M3?SM1 ) , type B also showed slightly higher accuracy rate ( 89?5%, 17/19 ) than IPCL type (78?9%, 15/19) and white light endoscopy (73?7%, 14/19). And EUS still showed the lowest accuracy rate( 42?1%, 8/19 ) and the highest over?diagnostic rate ( 52?6%, 10/19 ) . Conclusion White light endoscopy is still valuable for the invation depth of early esophageal cancer. But B type and IPCL?type of NBI are superior to white light endoscopy. B type presents higher accuracy rate than others, and it seems much easier to operate than IPCL?type for beginners. Accuracy rate of EUS is unsatisfactory, and the over?diagnostic rate is much higher than others. Diagnosis with EUS alone is not recommended.

Objective To study a new stuff-block therapy method to promote closure of external gastrointestinal fistula. Methods Twenty-eight patients with different type of external gastrointestinal fistulae in different sites were treated with fibrin glue stuff-blocking technique. The fibrin glue dispensary system designed by the authors has a double-lumen catheter in different size.When the catheter inserted via the fistula to about 1cm from the intestinal fistula,the glue was relased through the catheter to seal the whole fistula. Results The insertion of dispensary catheter into the fistulae was successful in all the cases. No side-effect was observed in all the patients. In 17 patients the fistulae healed about one week after one time treatment, 11 patients′ fistulae healed in about two weeks after 2-3 time treatment. Twenty-five patents were followed up for 3-6 months . The fistula sustained healing and normal deal was restored.Conclusions Stuff-blocking of the fistula with fibrin glue by means of the dispensary system designed by the authors has satisfy results. It provided a new method for the treatment of external gastrointestinal fistula .

Objective To observe the relationship between CT signs, prognosis and the expression of CD44v3 and CD44v6 in peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The expression of CD44v3 and CD44v6 was detected with immunohistochemistry (SP method) in 46 patients with peripheral NSCLC confirmed by surgery and pathology. The expression, CT signs and prognosis of NSCLC were analyzed respectively. Results The expression of CD44v3 and CD44v6 correlated with deep lobulation, spinous protuberant sign, short spiculation and lymph node enlargement of hila or mediastinum (P<0.05), but not with the tumor size, vacuole sign, vessel convergence sign and pleural indentation in CT images of peripheral NSCLC (P＞0.05). The expression of CD44v3 and CD44v6 correlated with the three-year survival rate in peripheral NSCLC patients (P<0.05). Conclusion Deep lobulation, spinous protuberant sign, short spiculation and lymph node enlargement of hila or mediastinum may indicate strong potential invasion and metastasis in peripheral NSCLC. The positive expression of CD44v3 and CD44v6 may suggest shorter survival time and poorer prognosis in peripheral NSCLC patients.

Objective: To study the efficiency of silencing small ubiquitin-like modifier-1(SUMO-1) induced by siRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 and the growth inhibition of SMMC-7721 thereof. Methods: The SUMO-1 siRNA was transfected into SMMC-7721 by means of lipofectamine~(TM) 2000. The silencing efficiency of SUMO-1 was examined by RT-PCR and western blot. The cell growth and cell cycle were examined by MTT and flow cytometry(FCM). The cell apoptosis was detected by DeadEnd~(TM) Colorimetric TUNEL System. Results: The siRNA could significantly silence the expression of SUMO-1 in SMMC-7721.The maximal silencing rate was utmost 73.43% at 48 hours after being transfected SUMO-1 siRNA. MTT assay revealed that the cell line grew more slowly. FCM result showed that the number of G_2 stage cells was increased significantly. But apoptosis cells were not found by TUNNEL assay. Conclusion: SiRNA is a good manner to silence the expression of SUMO-1 in SMMC-7721 in vitro. Owing to the growth inhibition induced by SUMO-1 siRNA, SUMO-1 plays an important role in development of SMMC-7721.