Objective To investigate the emotional memory impairment in patients with lesions located in prefrontal cortex(PFC), and to test the hypothesis that prefrontal cortex is involved in the emotional memory network. Methods The 40 patients with lesions in PFC and forty age-education-level matched healthy adults were given emotional memory tasks using positive, neutral and negative valence images. Results Compared with the healthy adults(positively(11.68 ± 2. 18)and negatively(12. 93 ±1.33)), the patients had significant loss in positively(8. 20 ± 2.02)and negatively(8. 68 ± 1.14)valence image memorizing(t = 7.41, - 2. 75, both P ＜ 0. 05). There was no insignificant impairment in neutral stimuli. Performance difference between left PFC and right PFC in positively(8. 90 ±2. 01 vs 7.50 ± 1.79)and negatively(7.30 ± 1.10 vs 9. 05 ± 1. 00)valence image recognition was significant(Z = -2. 15,-2. 07,both P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion The results suggest that emotional memory is impaired in the patients with lesions in PFC. The impairment difference between left PFC and right PFC indicates that they may have different neuromechanisms.

Objective To identify age-related changes in emotional memory.Methods A neuropsychological battery was set to measure the education-matched 48 younger, 48 middle-aged and 48 normally aging adults who were given picture tasks.Results Compared with the younger [positive (67.02 ±9.70)%,neutral (60.83 ±9.18)%, negative(75.38 ±12.80)%] and middle-aged controls [positive (68.25 ±10.89),neutral (61.63 ±7.46)%, negative (72.19 ±11.34)%], the differences of the affective images recognition accuracy in the elderly [positive (61.10 ±10.06)%, neutral (49.77 ±8.35)%, negative (55.65 ±11.17)%] were statistically significant (F=6.70,F=30.17,F=38.72,P<0.05-0.01), older adults remembering positive image better than negative image (F=15.67,P<0.05).However, there was no significant difference in their rating of valence of the images. Conclusion Emotional memory is impaired in the healthy elderly people, and indicates that age-related changes in emotional memory indicates may have different neuromechanisms.

Objective To explore the curative effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS) therapy on subcortical ischemic vascular disease( SIVD) patients with mild cognitive impairment.Methods Sixty-one SIVD patients with mild cognitive impairment but did not meet the diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia were enrolled and randomly divided into the treatment group (n=31) and the control group (n=30) in accordance with international common randomization form,TMT-A、TMT-B、VFT、AVLT score and P300 latency and amplitude changes were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Results TMT-A、TMT-B、VFT、AVLT showed no difference before treatment between the two groups, but improved significantly after treatment in the treatment group ( P=0.040;P=0.041;P=0.034;P=0.010 ) .the results were also significantly different from the control group after treatment( P=0.019;P=0.009;P=0.044;P=0.045 ) .In the treatment group, P300 latency after treatment was significantly reduced than that before treatment (P=0.045),which was also significantly reduced from the control group ( P=0.025 ) , but P300 amplitude did not reach statistically significant difference before and after treatment in the treatment group.In the control group, P300 latency and amplitude did not reach statistically significant difference before and after treatment.Conclusion TMS therapy can improve cognitive function in SIVD with mild cognitive impairment.

Objective To explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairmen ( MCI).Methods Fifty patients with MCI were randomly divided into rTMS treatment group ( rTMS group ) and piracetam treatment group ( control group ) , 25 patients in each group .The stimulated point of rTMS treatment were in the bilateral prefrontal area , for one time a day, continuous treatment for 6 d as a courses in rTMS group patients .Two courses of treatment was interval of 3 weeks, a total of 4 courses.The patients of control group were treated with piracetam 0.8 g, 3 times a day, for taking 16 weeks.Before and after treatment, the event-related potentials P300 and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale examination were taken in two group respectively .Results Compared with before treatment , the P300 latency significant was significantly shortened and amplitude increased , scores of MoCA scale and delay memory were significantly increased (P<0.05-0.01) after treatment in the rTMS group.Compared with the control group, the difference of those had statistical significance ( all P<0.05 ) .The difference of those had no statistical significance before and after treatment in control group .Conclusion rTMS treatment can improve memory and cognitive in patients with MCI .It can delay the progress of dementia to some extent .

Objective To observe the correlation between the gene ploymorphisms of CYP2C19 and the curative effects of clopidogrel in patients with acute cerebral infarction.Methods The gene polymorphisms of CYP2C19 were tested in 171 acute cerebral infarction patients by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. All participants were treated with clopidogrel for 2 weeks.The platelet aggregation rates before treatment and 1 d, 5 d after treatment were detected.NIHSS and activities of daily living ( ADL) were detected before treatment and 1 week, 2 weeks after treatment.The inhibition rate of platelet aggregation ( IPA) was calculated and analyzed.Results In the 171 patients, homozygous wild CYP2C19 genotype was found in 79 cases (A group), with CYP2C19 *1/*1;heterozygous wild and mutant CYP2C19 genotype was found in 71 cases ( B group ) , including 55 cases with CYP2C19 *1/*2 and 16 cases with CYP2C19 *1/*3; homozygous or heterozygous mutant CYP2C19 genotype was found in 21 cases (C group), including 11 cases with CYP2C19*2/*2, 9 cases with CYP2C19*3/*3 and 1 cases with CYP2C19 *2/*3.The differences of IPA among the 3 groups were statistically significant at 1 d, 5 d after treatment (all P<0.05).Compared with before treatment, the NIHSS scores of the 3 groups at 1 week, 2 weeks after treatment were significantly decreased, and the ADL scores were significantly increased ( all P<0.05 ) . Compared with the A group, the NIHSS scores of B group and C group at 1 week, 2 weeks after treatment were significantly increased, and the ADL scores were significantly decreased (all P<0.05).Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that smoking (OR=1.584,95%CI:1.079-2.136,P=0.004) and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms (OR=1.837,95%CI:1.106 -2.540,P=0.002) were independently correlated with IPA in patients with acute cerebral infarction.Conclusion CYP2C19 gene ploymorphisms have influence on the curative effects of clopidogrel in patients with acute cerebral infarction.

Objective To investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognitive function and safety in patients with lesions in prefrontal cortex (PFC).Methods Twenty-one patients with lesions in PFC hospitalized in the Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Neurology,Anqing Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University between January 2012 and October 2014 were enrolled and given regular drug treatment as a background.Event-related potential (ERP) P300 latency and amplitude,Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores were recorded and compared before and after 4-week rTMS treatment.Results Compared with those before rTMS treatment,P300 latency ((367.38 ± 9.79) ms vs (345.43 ± 11.31) ms;t =5.33,P ＜ 0.05) was significantly shortened,while amplitude ((4.79 ± 1.02) μV vs (7.84 ± 1.40) μV;t =-8.08,P ＜ 0.05),MoCA scores (19.57 ±2.06 vs 23.91 ± 1.30;t =-8.14,P ＜ 0.05),memory test scores (2.19 ± 0.81 vs 4.10 ± 0.89;t =-7.24,P ＜ 0.05) and executive function test scores (2.52 ± 1.08 vs 3.57 ± 0.93;t =-3.38,P ＜0.05) were obviously increased.MoCA scores (18.22 ± 1.56 vs 20.58 ± 1.83;t =-3.11,P ＜ 0.05),memory test scores (1.89 ± 0.78 vs 2.42 ± 0.79;t =-2.26,P ＜ 0.05) and executive function test scores (1.56 ± 0.53 vs 3.25 ± 0.75;t =-5.76,P ＜ 0.05) showed statistically significant difference before rTMS treatment in patients with lesions in either right or left front lobe.Conclusions rTMS which is thought to be a safe procedure can improve cognitive function in patients with lesions in prefrontal cortex.

Objective To explore the influence of emotional in memory in normally aging adults.Methods A neuropsychological battery was set to measure the education-matched 48 young, 48 middle-aged and 48 normally aging adults who were given picture tasks.Results As compared with the young adults (positive stimuli: [66.77±9.59]％, neutral one: [60.65±9.31]％ and negative one: [74.77± 12.40]％) and middle-aged controls (positive stimuli: [67.98± 10.73], neutral one: [61.63 ±7.20]％ and negative one: [71.81± 11.29]％), significant differences were noted in the images recognition in the elderly adults (positive stimuli: [62.04±10.41]％, neutral one: [49.58±8.25]％ and negative one: [55.67±11.08)％, P＜0.05);the elderly adults showed significant difference in remembering positive stimuli, neutral one and negative one (P＜0.05).Reaction times in positive stimuli, neutral one and negative one in elderly adults were significantly different as compared with those in the young and middle-aged controls (P＜0.05);the elderly adults showed significant difference in reaction times of positive stimuli, neutral one and negative one (P＜0.05).However, there was no significant difference in their rating of valence of the images and arousal of the images(P＞0.05).Conclusion Age-related changes exists in emotional memory, which indicates that age-related changes in these brain systems may have different neuromechanisms.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (hrTMS) in treatment of patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia. Methods Thirty-eight patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia were divided into hrTMS treatment group and control group (n=19) according to the willing of the patients; patients in the hrTMS treatment group were treated with 20 Hz hrTMS; those in the control group were given placebo-controlled transcranial magnetic stimulation. The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores one week before, and one, two and 4 weeks after treatment were compared between the two groups. Scores of pain scale of Barrow Neurologic Institute (BNI), evoked potential (N100) amplitude and incidence of adverse reactions one, two and 4 weeks after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results VAS scores in the hrTMS treatment group two and 4 weeks after treatment were significantly lower as compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). In patients from the hrTMS treatment group, VAS scores two and 4 weeks after treatment were significantly lower than those one week before and one week after treatment (P<0. 05); and those 4 weeks after treatment were significantly lower than those two weeks after treatment (P<0.05). Patients from the hrTMS treatment group two and 4 weeks after treatment had significantly lower BNI scores and statistically higher N100 amplitude as compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). In the hrTMS treatment group, BNI scores gradually decreased and N100 amplitude gradually increased one, two and 4 weeks after treatment, with statistically significant differences between each two time points (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of headache (10.53％ vs. 21.05％) and head discomfort (36.84％ vs. 26.32％) after treatment between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion The hrTMS can effectively alleviate pain of primary trigeminal neuralgia, and it is safe and reliable.

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) patients.Methods:Thirty-eight patients with CTTH, admitted to our hospital from February 2019 to September 2021, were randomly divided into rTMS group and control group ( n=19). In the rTMS group, the hot spot of the right abductor pollicis brevis was surface-labeled and the resting movement threshold (RMT) was calculated; the intensity of the stimulus was then adjusted to 70% of RMT, and stimulus was then located at 5 cm in front of the previously identified hot spot of the right thumb, namely the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC); the stimulus was delivered once every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, and lasted for 4 weeks with 12 rounds of stimulation. In the control group, the hot spot was not located and RMT was not calculated; the coil was placed perpendicular to LDLPFC; and the stimulation frequency was the same as that in the rTMS group with minimum stimulation intensity. Visual analogue scale (VAS), Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), simplified McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) were used to evaluate the subjective pain status. The electrophysiological indices in the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) were used to evaluate the objective pain status. Adverse events during treatment and 1-month follow-up were recorded in the two groups. Results:(1) Rating scales: scores of all rating scales in the rTMS group after treatment were significantly decreased as compared with those before treatment ( P <0.05); however, no significant difference was noted in the control group ( P>0.05). After treatment, the scores of VAS, HIT-6, present pain intensity (PPI) scale, and trait anxiety inventory in the rTMS group were significantly decreased as compared with those in the control group ( Z=-4.054, P<0.001; t= -6.083, P<0.001; Z=-4.246, P<0.001; Z=-3.740, P<0.001). (2) NFR RIII parameters: as compared with that before treatment, the minimum threshold in rTMS group after treatment was significantly increased ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in NFR RIII parameters in the control group between those after treatment and before treatment ( P>0.05). After treatment, the minimum NFR minimumthreshold in the rTMS group was significantly increased as compared with that in the control group ( P<0.05). Cold compression test results showed that as compared with basic NFR RIII area, NFR RIII area before and after treatment in both rTMS group and control group was statistically increased ( P<0.05). (3) Adverse reactions: no serious adverse reactions occurred in the two groups during treatment and follow-up. Conclusion:Treatment with rTMS in CTTH patients enjoys good short-term efficacy without obvious adverse reactions.

Objective To explore the characteristics of emotional memory in patients with earlystage Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods The methods of emotional memory neuro-cognitive test and event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) test were set.The emotional memory was detected in 30 early-stage PD patients without treatment (PD group) and 30 matched (including education level,etc) healthy controls (control group),who were recruited in the Department of Neurology,Anqing Municipal Hospital from June 2016 to June 2018.Results Compared with the control group (55.83％±4.17％),the negative valence picture recognition rate in the PD group (50.30％±4.04％) showed statistically significant difference (t=4.85,P＜0.05).The ERPs-P300 latency was (337.47 ± 7.87) ms,the amplitude was (6.34 ± 0.62) μV,and the reaction time was (3 729.21±226.85) ms in the control group,showing statistically significant difference (t=-3.30,4.04,2.76,P＜0.05) compared with that in the PD group ((344.20±7.94) ms,(5.75±0.52) μV,(3 935.33±222.24) ms,respectively).There was no statistically significant difference in positive and neutral stimuli recognition between the two groups (P＞0.05).In the PD group,the correct recognition in positive,neutral and negative valence pictures (57.97％ ±4.44％,49.77％ ±4.49％,50.30％ ±4.04％,respectively)showed statistically significant difference (F=39.17,P＜0.05),also seen in the reaction time ((3 725.87 ±210.10) ms,(4 085.80±231.67) ms and (3 935.33±222.24) ms,respectively;F=9.58,P＜0.05),P300 latency ((328.07±6,07) ms,(347.37±7.49) ms and (344.20±7.94) ms,respectively;F=60.32,P＜0.05),and amplitude ((6.55±0.66) μV,(5.57 ± 0.63) μV and (5.75 ± 0.52) μV,respectively;F=22.44,P＜0.05).But there was no statistically significant difference between negative and neutral stimuli recognition in the PD group (P＞0.05).In the control group,the correct recognition in positive,neutral and negative valence pictures (59.47％ ±4.61％,50.63％±4.96％,55.83％±4.17％,respectively) also showed statistically significant difference (F=25.85,P＜0.05),also seen in the reaction time ((3 657.13±218.85) ms,(4 026.81±221.23) ms and (3 729.21±226.85) ms,respectively;F=8.57,P＜0.05),P300 latency ((326.13±5.96) ms,(345.10±7.95) ms and (337.47±7.87) ms,respectively;F=51.04,P＜0.05),and amplitude ((6.69±0.68) μV,(5.59±0.67) μV and (6.34±0.62)μV,respectively;F=22.15,P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the rating of valence of emotional pictures between the PD and the control groups (P＞0.05).However,there was statistically significant difference in the latency and amplitude of P300 in the rating of negative valence of emotional pictures between the two groups (t=-5.63,4.16,P＜0.05).Conclusions The results suggest that there is emotional memory impairment in early stage of PD,which is mainly based on selective negative emotional valence.Testing the emotional memory of patients with PD is helpful for early identification and intervention.