Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.It is of great value to investigate the etiology and pathogenesis of MCI.Studies have shown that diabetes may cause damage to both the structure and function of brain tissue,resulting in MCI.We published one article in Diabetes Care titled Serum level of endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products and other factors in type 2 diabetes patients with mild cognitive impairment to elaborate the relationship between diabetes and MCI.

Kiss1 gene encodes Kisspeptins,an intercellular signal peptide whose corresponding receptor is Kiss1R. The initial study found that the Kiss1/Kiss1R system has the effect on inhibiting tumor metastasis. More and more evidence suggests that it can act on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal(HPG) axis and is the key to puberty initiation and progression. It plays an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. In this paper, we reviewed the studies on Kiss1/Kiss1R system,its intracellular signal transduction pathway,role on HPG axis,and clinical application.

Pituitary abscess is a rare but potentially life-threatening disease. Headache, visual disturbance, and hypopituitarism are the most common presenting symptoms of pituitary abscess. On magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), pituitary abscess may present as a round sellar cystic lesion, hypo- or isointense on T1 imaging and hyper- or isointense on T2 imaging with peripheral gadolinium enhancement. Diagnosis usually is made during surgical exploration when pus is found in a cystic lesion. The mainstay of treatment is transsphenoidal surgical resection in combination with antibiotic therapy, although a craniotomy approach is warranted in select conditions. Here we report 3 cases of pituitary abscess in our hospital and review the literatures.

Klinefelter syndrome(KS) is the most common sex chromosome disorder in males,which is caused by the presence of the extra X chromosome that maybe inherited from mother or father. Approximately 80% karyotype of the cases is 47,XXY. KS is characterized by small firm testes, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, infertility,gynaecomastia, increased height. However, cognitive disabilities and psychiatric disorders are rarely diagnosed in KS because they lack screening in related aspects. At the present, the pathogenesis of cognitive disabilities and increased risk of psychiatric diseases in KS have not been delineated. In this article,we report two cases of KS,and review their clinical manifestations,diagnosis,and treatments.