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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes,dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.It likely represents hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of NAFLD has been estimated to be 20％-30％ in the general population. However, it is much higher in type 2 diabetic patients. Several epidemiological studies indicate that NAFLD is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease( CVD), which is independent of underlying cardiometabolic risk factors. This suggests that NAFLD may also be actively involved in the pathogenesis. The possible molecular mediators linking NAFLD and atherosclerosis(AS) include the release of pro-atherogenic factors by oxidative stress and inflammation as well as atherogenic dyslipidemia, abnormal adipose factors, and insulin resistance, finally aggravating progression of CVD. In this article, the relationship and possible mechanisms between NAFLD and AS are reviewed.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway, which was the first cell signal transduction pathway to be discovered, consisted of Ras, Raf, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. After the activation of ERK1/2 pathway, extracellular signals can be transmitted from the cell membrane to the nucleus. It was involved in many physiological and pathological functions of cells, such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and etc. It was also related to the onset of many diseases, which included multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The activation of ERK1/2 pathway can induce the activation of astrocyte, MG, T cell and macrophage, which released a variety of inflammatory cytokines. It caused myelin damage which induced MS/EAE onset. A number of studies indicated that inhibiting ERK1/2 pathway can reduce the releasing of inflammatory cytokines and myelin damage for MS/EAE alleviation. It provided an important target for the development of MS treatment medication.

Objective To observe the validity and feasibility of PBL teaching method in occupational health and occupational medicine theory teaching.Methods Sixty-one five-year undergraduates majored in preventive medicine were selected and self-control was applied.Two teaching contents which had similar teaching requirements were selected,one applied PBL teaching method and the other applied traditional teaching method.Students' results and passing rate in examination were analyzed and compared.SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis and data were manifested as ((x-) ± s).T test was used to do comparison between average results and chi-square test was used to do comparison between rates.SAS 9.0 software was employed and Fisher's exact probability analysis was performed on percent of pass.P＜0.05 stands for statistically significant differences.Results Test scores of the students taught by PBL teaching method were significantly higher than those of students taught by traditional teaching method (P＜0.05).Both female and male students' test scores were improved (P＜0.05) and increase of female students' test scores were more obvious than male students'.Passing rate of female students taught by PBL teaching method was significantly higher than female students taught by traditional teaching method (P＜0.05).Conclusion PBL teaching method applied in occupational health and occupational medicine theory teaching can significandy improve the quality of teaching.

In recent years,research on autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) has gained significant progress.AIP is a special type of chronic pancreatitis which is mediated by an autoimmune mechanism.It is characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells leading to pancreatic fibrosis and dysfunction.AIP can affect the bile ducts,salivary glands,kidneys and other organs outside the pancreas.The common manifestations include obstructive jaundice,abdominal pain,and weight loss,which are similar to pancreatic cancer.Steroid therapy is of significant effect.There is no consensus nowadays on the diagnostic criteria of AIP across the world.There are many studies on the pathological subtypes,imaging,serological markers and biopsy techniques on AIP,and research focuses on the differential diagnosis from pancreatic cancer.

Objective To study a monitoring instrument of multiple physiological parameters being capable of wireless long-distance transmission,low in power dissipation and price and small in size.Methods In combination of embedded technology and mobile communication technology,S3C2410 based on ARM9 core was used as main chip,ARM-Linux as embedded operation system and SIM300 as communication module connected to Internet,to complete wireless long-distance transmission of multiple physiological parameters.Results Tele-monitoring system of embedded multiple physiological parameters based on GPRS was realized.Conclusion The instrument is small,easily-expanded and reliable in the process of transmitting data,facilitating tele-monitoring and data sharing.

BACKGROUND:The resin infiltration technique for masking white spot lesions has obtained a result superior to the conventional remineralization. Up to now, few studies have evaluated the color of carious incipient lesions treated with the resin infiltration.
OBJECTIVE:To assess the color change of caries incipient lesions in the enamel treated with resin infiltration.
METHODS: Forty-eight extracted teeth were exposed to demineralizing solution for 4 weeks to establish artificial caries models. Then artificial caries models were treated with resin infiltration and randomized into four groups: these specimens were immersed in red wine, coffee, tea and artificial saliva for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. The base line color was evaluated by spectrophotometer. The variation in color (ΔE) was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Al specimens underwent color and lightness changes, irrespective of immersion media. After 2 weeks of immersion, ΔE values were ranked as folows: red wine > coffee > tea > artificial saliva, and there were significant differences between four groups (P < 0.05). After 4 weeks of immersion,ΔE values were ranked as folows: red wine≈ coffee > tea > artificial saliva, and there were significant differences between four groups (P < 0.05) but not between the red wine and coffee groups (P > 0.05). Significant changes in the color were found in the red wine and coffee groups at different time after immersion (P < 0.05). Immersed in red wine, coffee and tea, the?E value was > 3.7, which is not acceptable in clinic. These findings indicate that the color stability of carious incipient lesions located in the enamel treated with resin infiltration is associated with the soak solution and soak time. In addition, immersion in red wine and coffee results in significantly increased color alteration (ΔE) compared with the artificial saliva.

Objective To compare the efficacy and tolerability of nateglinide with those of acarbose in Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.Methods This multi-center,randomized,double-blind,parallel-arm study compared the efficacy and tolerability of nateglinide( 120 mg,3/d,n = 119) and those of acarbose( 100 mg,3/d,n = 118) during a 12-week treatment in T2DM patients uncontrolled by diet with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5% - 11.0% .Results Monotherapy with nateglinide (120 mg,3/d)or acarbose (100 mg,3/d)decreased HbA1c to a similar extent during 12-week treatment.The mean change from baseline to end-point in HbAlc was ( -0.90±0.98)% and ( -0.83±0.81 )% in patients receiving nateglinide and acarbose,respectively,with no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).The decrease in fasting plasma glucose (FPG)was similar between nateglinide and acarbose (P > 0.05).The mean change in 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose ( PG2h ) was ( - 1.45 ± 2.74) mmol/L and ( -2.20±2.21 ) mmol/L in patients receiving nateglinide and acarbose(P =0.0017).Body weight was significantly decreased in both groups at the end-point ( P < 0.05 ),although the decrease was more with acarbese than nateglinide [( -0.66±1.79)kg vs (-2.06±2.00) kg,P=0.0000].And the proportion of patients experiencing any presumed drug related adverse events was not significantly different between the two groups.Conclusions Nateglinide ( 120 mg,3/d) is effective and well tolerated in T2DM patients uncontrolled by diet,demonstrating similar HbA1c reductions as compared with acarbose (100 mg,3/d).

Animals ; Aorta ; cytology ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Intracellular Space ; metabolism ; Male ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism ; Morphinans ; pharmacology ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Protein Kinase C ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To explore the effect of the intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury on paracrine patterns of BM-MSCs in order to provide evidence for BMSCs repair.Methods BMSCs were isolated,cultured,characterized,and stained.The rat intestine ischemia/reperfusion model (IRI) was established.Intestinal epithelial mucosal extracts were obtained either from IRI rat or normal rat.Those two type extracts were added into the culture medium,and BM-MSCs were cultured with the two conditioned medium respectively.The culture medium was collected at 0 h and 24 h after culturing with intestinal epithelial mucosal extracts.The levels of TGF-ot,VEGF,FGF and IGF-1 in the medium were assayed by ELISA.Results The contents of all the growth factors detected in cultured medium with intestinal extracts from IRI rats were significantly higher than in regular rats (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of TGF-α,VEGF in culture medium containing IRI epithelium extracts were significantly higher than that in the medium containing normal intestinal epithelium extracts (P ＜ 0.05)Conclusion BM-MSCs can secret TGF-α,VEGF,FGF,and IGF-1 in the presence of intestinal extracts from IRI rat in the culture.These factors might stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells through paracrine mechanism.