Objective To investigate and analyze structure of risk perceived by people using HIV voluntary counseling and testing services and related factors.Method Two hundred and sixty eight VCT users were selected from 2 CDCs and 2 hospitals in Beijing and their perceived risks in the process of VCT were assessed by using self-administered question- naires.Factor analysis was performed to understand the relationship between different perceived risks,and risks perceived by different users were evaluated.Results Six factors were obtained from the factor analysis which included:fear of priva- cy disclosure,embarrassment,concern over the reliability of HIV tests,cost & time consumption,the tragic outcomes of HIV positive tests,and potential medical expenditures in the future.And the risks perceived by low and high income users were much higher than those perceived by middle income users.Conclusion There are clear structure of risks perceived by people using HIV voluntary counseling and testing,and people with different incomes have different levels of perceived risks.

Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Ovary ; drug effects ; Ovulation Induction ; methods ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate

Objective To explore the value and the most reasonable procedure of EN by naso-intestinal tube in digestive tract disease after operation.Methods Data of 25 cases of indigestive tract disease subject to EN through a naso-intestinal tube after operation were reviewed and analysed.Results Insertion of naso-intestinal tube was completed in all cases.Nasal feeding could be completed in 24 cases;postoperative complications included 1 case of leakage,1 case of arrhythmia and heart failure and 4 cases of fat liquefication.Conclusion EN by naso-intestinal tube in digestive tract disease was favorable for reduction of postoperative risk.It could be applied in almost all pa- tients when the doctor had grasped the technique skillfully.

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcome of patients who suffered from acute myocardial infarction with angiographically normal coronary arteries (MINC) Methods Forty patients (mean age: 52 6?12 2 years; range: 30-75 years) admitted with acute myocardial infarction had normal coronary arteries after AMI, defined by normal or insignificant 50% diameter stenosis) The risk factors, clinical data, ventricular functions and the long term outcomes were compared between Group A and Group B Results Hypertension and previous angina were more frequent in Group B Patients in Group A had a lower number of risk factors associated with them than patients in Group B LVEF during hospital was higher in Group A than in Group B The mean follow up period was 67?40 months in Group A and 68?34 months in Group B Incidencs of rehospitalization, repeat intervention therapies, heart failures, and total heart events were fewer in Group A than in Group B Conclusion These data suggest a favorable long term prognosis and fewer risk factors in patients who suffered from acute myocardial infarction with normal or nearly normal coronary arteriogram

Objective To study the relationship between serum amyloid A(SAA)and the common carotid intima-media thickness(IMT)in type 2 diabetic(T_2DM)patients.Methods Sixty-nine patients with type 2 diabetes,and 20 healthy subjects regarded as the normal controls(NC)were enrolled in the study from January to July of 2005.SAA levels were measured using ELISA.The carotid IMT were examined by hypersensitive color Doppler ultrasonography.Results SAA level was significantly elevated in type 2 diabetes group compared with that in the control3.08(2.1~5.06)mg/L vs 1.37(1.07~1.86)mg/L,P

Objective To study the expression of survivin, an apoptosis inhibitor gene,in bladder carcinoma,and to investigate its clinical and pathological implications. Methods We detected the expression of survivin in 60 cases (48 men and 12 women) of bladder carcinoma and 10 cases of non-tumor bladder tissues (controls) by immunohistochemistry (SP) method.The mean age of the 60 cases at diagnosis was 59 years.The pathological grading showed Grade Ⅰ in 16 cases,Grade Ⅱ in 24 and Grade Ⅲ in 20.The clinical staging showed T 1 in 13 cases,T 2 in 15,T 3 in 21 and T 4 in 11.Of the 60 cases,21 developed relapse. Results The overall positive rate of survivin in 60 cases of bladder carcinoma was 60.0% (n=36).No survivin was found in 10 cases of non-tumor bladder tissues.The positive rate of survivin in Grade Ⅰ cases of bladder carcinoma was 37.5%(6/16),in Grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ cases of bladder carcinoma was 66.7%(16/24) and 70.0%(14/20);the difference of positive rates between Grade Ⅰ and Grade Ⅱ,Grade Ⅲ cases was significant (P0.05).The positive rate of survivin in cases of relapse was 80.9% (17/21). Conclusions Survivin may play an essential role in bladder carcinogenesis and serve as a marker for prognosis of bladder cancer.

Objective To analyze the imaging features of congenital spinal deformity (CSD) associated with split cord malformation (SCM) and other intraspinal abnormalities, and to investigate the relationship to neurological symptoms. Methods 105 cases CSD with SCM were retrospectively studied. Analysis the imaging features of SCM (including type of SCM, location of SCM, location and apical vertebrae, symmetry of divided cord) and other intraspinal abnormalities. To investigate the relationship of the factors and neurological symptoms using Chi?square test of one factor and multiple factors logistic regression analysis. Re?sults 28 cases (26.7%) were formation failure, 33 cases (31.4%) were segmentation failure, and 44 cases (41.9%) were combina?tion of 2 disorders. 41 cases had neurological symptoms, 64 cases were asymptomatic. The distribution of SCM combined with spi?nal deformities:thoracic (11 cases), thoracolumbar (18 cases) and lumbar (20 cases) in type I SCM, thoracic (31 cases), thoracolum?bar (20 cases) and lumbar (5 cases) in type II, none was in cervical. The location of SCM upper than apical vertebrae 29 cases, on apical vertebrae 25 cases, lower than apical vertebrae 51 cases. Spinal cord was splitted symmetric 27 cases and asymmetric 78 cases. 66 cases combined with other intraspinal abnormalities, lower conus 42 cases, syringomyelia 38 cases, meningocele 10 cas?es and sakrale zyste 5 cases. Associated with intraspinal abnormalities, the rate of neural symptoms was different. According to Chi?square test of one factor and multiple factors logistic regression analysis, lumbar SCM, spinal cord asymmetric and lower conus were related with neurological symptoms. Conclusion The predilection spinal deformity of type I is combination, type II SCM is segmentation failure. When SCM patients associated with other intraspinal abnormalities, the incidence of neurologic symptoms is increased. The lumbar SCM, hemicords asymmetry and lower lying conus have significant relationship with neurologic symptoms.

Objective To analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis in multinodular and multicentric occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Study group (multinodular HCCs) involved 42 multinodular HCCs patients with a total of 112 HCC nodules. 16 patients with single HCC nodule, and 4 patients with portal vein tumor embolus, 5 normal livers served as controls. MtDNA D-Loop sequences were compared among multinodular lesions in the study group, between inconsecutive tumor tissues and between tumor and embolus tissues in the study group with regard to their clinicopathologic characteristics. Results In study group, for the multinodular HCCs 20 cases were categorized as multicentric occurrence (MO) based on their variant mtDNA D-Loop sequences in each nodule from the same patient. 22 cases were characterized as intrahepatic metastasis (IM) based on the identical sequences found in each nodule from the same patient. In all 20 cases for the rest of the study group (16 patients with single HCC nodule and 4 patients with portal vein tumor embolus), the inconsecutive tumor tissues or the portal vein tumor embolus and original tumors shared identical sequences. HBeAg (P =0. 008), tumor size ( sizes of all nodules) ( P = 0. 029), position of nodules (P = 0. 040), cirrhosis ( P =0. 011 ), portal vein and microscopic tumor embolus ( P = 0. 023 ) and differentiation ( Edmondson grade) of the main nodule (P = 0. 027 ) were significantly different between the IM and MO HCCs, thus were considered to be the important factors in determinning the clonal origin of multinodular HCC. Positive HBeAg, cumulative diameter of all nodules ≤7 cm, nodules located in different lobes, cirrhosis, negative for portal vein or microscope tumor embolus and/or well/moderate differentiation of main nodular histopathology were found in high rate in MO. Tumor-free survival of the MO subjects was significantly longer than that of the IM subjects (21.6 ±4. 2) months vs. (8.7 ±2. 5) months, P =0. 031 ). Similarly, overall survival of the MO subjects was longer than that of the IM subjects (29. 6±4. 7) months vs. ( 14. 6 ±2. 9) months, P = 0. 034). Multivariate analysis revealed that the IM/MO characteristic was an independent factor influencing both tumor-free survival ( P = 0.012 ) and overall survival ( P = 0.011 ).Conclusions HBeAg, tumor size ( sizes of all nodules), position of nodules, cirrhosis, portal vein and microscopic tumor embolus and differentiation of the main nodule are important factors in differentiating IM and MO. Positive HBeAg, cumulative diameter of all nodules ≤ 7 cm, nodules located in different lobes, cirrhosis, negative for portal vein or microscopic tumor embolus and/or well/moderate differentiation of main nodular histopathology are frequent phenomena in MO. MO HCC patients might have a favorable outcome compared with IM patients.

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus A, Human ; genetics ; physiology ; Enterovirus Infections ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; virology ; Humans ; Receptors, Virus ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To study the effects of the clinical pathway on hip arthroplasty. Methods Fifty patients with hip arthroplasty were selected. Twenty-three cases in the control group were treated with traditional methods, and 27 cases in the experimental group were applied with the clinical pathway for standardized treatment. Any differences in Harris scores, hospital costs and days in postoperative care at 1 week and 3 months were compared statistically between the two groups. Results Complications, hospital costs and average length of stay in postoperative care were significantly lower in the experimental group than among the controls. The Harris scores in postoperative week 1 were significantly higher in the experimental group than among the controls. Conclusion The clinical pathway using standard diagnosis and treatment can not only decrease hospital costs and average length of stay, it can also limit postoperative complications and quickly improve joint function, giving better quality medical care.