Objective To dynamically observe the changes of the plasma superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and malondialde-hyde(MDA) content of rabbits with hemorrhagic shock in high latitude .Methods 28 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups :0 .9% NaCl group ,7 .5% NaCl group ,Voluven(6% HES 130/0 .4) group and control group .The plasma SOD activity and MDA content were measured before shock .At 30 minutes of shock and 30 minutes later of volumetric resuscitation .Then the changes of MAP were observed .Results There were no static difference among 4 groups in the levels of SOD and MDA before shock ;at 30 minutes of shock ,the SOD activity was reduced signicantly and the MDA content was increased in each group (P<0 .01) .Afer fluid infusion there were no obvious change in the plasma levels of SOD and MDA compared with those of shock in 0 .9% NaCl group and in 7 .5% NaCl group(P>0 .05) ,whereas in Voluven group ,compared with those in 0 .9% NaCl and 7 .5% NaCl group the SOD activity was elevated signicantly and the MDA content was decreased (P<0 .01) .Conclusion Voluven can be used in scan-venging oxygen free redicals by recovering the plasma SOD activity in rabbits with hemorrhagic shock in high latitude .

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of lappaconitine (LA) on brain water content and serum IL-I,IL-2 and TNF-α levels in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as its cerebral protective function.MethodsA total of 24 male SD rats were involved in the study and randomly divided into control group,TBI group and TBI +LA group,with eight rats per group.The rats in the TBI group and TBI + LA group were inflicted with fluid percussion injury ( FPI ).The rats in the TBI + LA group were treated with LA (4 mg/Kg/d,ip,for 10 consecutive days).The neurological score,brain water content and serum IL-I,IL-2 and TNF -α concentrations were detected at time points including TO ( before FPI ),T1 (one day after FPI),T2 (five days after FPI) andT3 (10 days after FPI).Results At each time point after FPI,the neurological dysfunction was observed in both the TBI group and TBI + LA group.The neurological dysfunction was gradually alleviated from TI to T3 in the FPI + LA group,which showed significant lower neurological score as compared with the TBI group (P ＜0.05 or 0.01 ).The brain water content in the TBI group and TBI + LA group was significantly higher than that in the control group at each time point after FPI.Meanwhile,the water content of the TBI + LA group was significantly lower than that of the TBI group ( P ＜ 0.01 ).The serum IL-1,IL-2 and TNF-alpha concentrations in the TBI group and TBI + LA group were significantly higher than those in the control group at each time point after FPI,and the serum IL-I,IL-2 and TNF-αt concentrations of the TBI + LA group were significantly lower than those of the TBI group ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions LA exerts cerebral protective effects of TBI rats by relieving the neurological dysfunction and cerebral edema and reducing the serum IL-1,IL-2 and TNF-α concentrations.

Objective To compare the clinical effect and safety of limited fluid resuscitation and aggressive/normotensive fluid resuscitation in treatment of earthquake-induced traumatic hemorrhagic shock patients so as to provide reference for clinical application.Methods A total of 62 patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock in earthquake were employed and divided randomly into limited fluid resuscitation group(Group Ⅰ,30 patients)and aggressive/normotensive fluid resuscitation group(Group Ⅱ,32 patients).All the patients were resuscitated by using halanted solution and HAES-steril as resuscitanaid resuscitation.Then,surgical hemostasis was carried out and dynamic changes of mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate and central venous pressure(CVP)observed.The base excess,lactic acid and creatinine were detected at four resuscitation points.Results Before full fluid resuscitation,MAP remained at 50-70 mm Hg and 70-90 mm Hg respectively in both groups.After early resuscitation.heart rate showed significant decrease,while CVP increased(P＜0.01)but still changed at normal range.Total transfusion volume in Group Ⅰ was less than that of GroupⅡ(P＜0.01).There was no statistical difference upon urine volume(P＞0.05).There was statistical difierence upon base excess value after resuscitation within group(P＜0.01)but no statistical difference between two groups(P＞0.05).After resuscitation,hetic acid level wag obviously reduced in both groups(P＜0.01),with more significant change in Group Ⅰ,with statistical difference compared with Group Ⅱ(P＜0.01).There showed a significant decrease of creatinine in both groups after resuscitation.with statistical difierence within group (P＜0.01)but without statistical difference between two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions Compared with aggressive/normotensive fluid resuscitation,limited fluid resuscitation is a more safe and effective way for fluid resuscitation of traumatic hemorrhagic shock,for it can not only reduce transfusion volume and ameliorate hemodynamic indices,but also can increase oxygen supply,improve microcirculation and protect renal function.

Objective To observe the effect of different analgesic methods including patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) and patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) on stress response and anxiety in surgical patients with lower limb fracture. Methods A total of 120 surgical patients with lower limb fractures were employed and divided randomly into Groups PCEA, PCIA and C (40per group). All patients were anaesthetized by using combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. After operation, PCEA and PCIA were applied in the patients of Groups PCEA and PCIA, respectively. No analgesic method was employed in the Group C. The dynamic indices including mean blood press (MAP) and heart rate (HR), blood serum cortisol (COR) and blood sugar (BS) were measured at different time points,ie, T0 ( pre-anesthesia), T1 ( the end of the operation), T2 (24 hours after operation) and T3 (48 hours after operation). The visual analogue pain score was conducted at time points of T1, T2 and T3. The measurement of anxiety score was done at pre-operation and at days 1 and 7 after operation. Results There were no significant changes in HR and MAP of Groups PCEA and PCIA (P＞0.05, compared with T0) at every time point after operation. Whereas, HR and MAP of Group C were increased at time points of T1 and T2 (P ＜ 0.05, compared with T0 ), with statistical difference compared with Groups PCEA and PCIA at the same time points (P ＜ 0.05 ). VAS in Group PCEA was lower than that in Group PCIA at time points of T2 and T3 ( P ＜ 0.05). Meanwhile, VAS in Groups PCEA and PCIA was lower than that in Group C (P＜0. 05). COR and BS in Group PCEA were significant lower than those in group PCIA at time points of T2 and T3 (P ＜ 0. 05 ). Meanwhile, COR and BS in Groups PCEA and PCIA was lower than that in Group C (P＜0.05 or ＜0.01 ). Moreover, the changes were more significant in Group PCIA than that in Group PCEA (P ＜ 0. 05 ). The anxiety score in Groups PCEA and PCIA was lower than that in Group C (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions Two analgesic methods of PCEA and PCIA can provide safe and effective postoperative analgesia and attenuate the stress response and anxiety in surgical patients with lower limb fracture. Meanwhile, PCEA takes more advantages than PCIA.

Objective To evaluate impacts of acute hypervolemic hemodilution (AHH) and intra-operative cell salvage (ICS) with 6％ volume fraction of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on hemodynamics,blood saving efficiency and renal function of orthopedic surgery patients.Methods A total of 58 patients from orthopedic surgery were involved and randomly divided into AHH + ICS group (30 cases) and control group (28 cases).Changes of hemodynamic indices (HR,MAP and CVP) and renal function indices (BUN,BCr,UCr and ALB) in both groups were compared before operation (T0),immediately after operation (T1) and at postoperative 4 hours (T2),1 day (T3) and 2 days (T4).CCr was counted and intraoperative blood conservation was observed at each time point as well.Results HR,MAP and CVP of the two groups had no significant differences.Both groups showed some drop of HR (P ＜ 0.05),but an increase of MAP and CVP at T1-T4 (P ＜ 0.05),in contrast with levels at TO.BUN,BCr and ALB also showed insignificant differences between groups or within group at each time point.CCr in the control group showed no significant difference at each time point.On the contrary,CCr in the AHH + ICS group had a fall at T1-T4 and was declined to the lowest level at T2.CCr in the AHH + ICS group showed a recovery at T3-T4 and its level at T4 was still lower than that at TO,with no significant difference.CCr in the two groups showed insignificant difference at TO,but its level in the AHH + ICS group was lower than that in the control group at T1-T4,at T2 in particular (P ＜0.01).Moreover,CCr in the two groups was still significantly different at T4 (P ＜ 0.05).Renal function indices of the two groups were all within normal range at each time point.Intraoperative blood loss and unrine volume of the two groups had no significant differences,but intraoperative fluid requirement,allogenic blood transfusion volume and transfusion rate of AHH + ICS group were notably lower than those of control group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜0.01).Conclusions AHH plus ICS using HES are safe,effective and promising integrated blood conservation measures,which significantly reduces intraoperative allogenic blood transfusion volume and transfusion rate and has few impacts on fundamental vital signs and renal function.However,prolonged use of large dose of HES may do harm to renal function and therefore should be carefully considered in treatment of patients with severe renal dysfunction.

Objective To observe the effect of acute hypervolemic hemodilution (AHH) with two kinds of hydroxyethyl starches including Voluven and HES on the renal function of emergency surgery patients with brain injury.Methods This study involved 54 brain injury patients treated with emergency surgery,who were randomly divided into Voluven group ( AHH130 group),HES group ( AHH200 group) and Ringer's lactate group (LR group),with 18 patients in each group.All the patients were managed with inhalation anesthesia.ECG,MAP,CVP and SpO2 were observed in operation.The blood urea nitrogen (BUN),urine creatinine ( BCr,UCr),urinary albumin (ALB) and urinary α1-microglobulin ( α1-MG) were detected before AHH ( T0 ),at the end of operation ( T1 ),at 4 hours ( T2 ),day 1 ( T3 ),day 2 (T4) and day 3 (T5) after operation.The creatinine clearance (CCr) and fractional sodium clearance (FSC) were calculated and the urine output,fluid replacement,blood loss and blood transfusion recorded.Results The HR,CVP and MAP in the three groups were within the normal range of variation at all time points,with statistical difference for comparison between groups and within group ( P ＞ 0.05 ).There was no significant difference in urine output and blood loss,while the intraoperative fluid volume and blood transfusion in the AHH130 group and the AHH200 group were significantly less than those in the LR group (P ＜ 0.01 ).There was no statistical difference in aspects of BUN,BCr and urinary ALB at each time point between and within the three groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ).After treatment with AHH,the urinary α1-MG level in the AHH130 group and AHH200 group was significantly increased ( P ＜0.01 ),which was decreased at T5 but was still higher than that at T0 ( P ＜ 0.01 ),and was higher than that in the LR group at all time points (P＜0.05).After treatment with AHH,CCr was decreased in the AHH130 group and AHH200 group,which reached the lowest level at T2,with statistical difference compared with the levd at T0 ( P ＜0.01 ).Then,CCr was recovered to normal at T5.FSC in the three groups after AHH treatment was increased slightly and the most significantly at T2,which was not statistically different compared with that at T0 ( P ＞ 0.05) and FSC was not statistically different between and within groups at other time points (P ＞0.05).All the values about the renal function in all the groups changed within the normal range at each time point.Conclusions AHH with Voluven or HAES is a feasible and safe blood conservation measure that can significantly reduce the allogeneic blood transfusion but exert insignificant effect on renal function of the brain injury patients with normal renal function before emergency surgery.