A total of 13 allozymes of 7 populations of Oncomelania snails trom 7 provinces in the mainland China were examined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Results demonstrated that out of 17 loci examined, 10 were monomorphic loci: Aldh,Ao,G6pd ,Gpdh,Hbdh,Ldh, Sdh,Est-2,Est-3,and Est-6,and 7 were polymorphic loci:Est-4,Est-5,Xdh,Mdh,Idh,Got and Ap. Banding pattern showed that six enzymes were polymorphic accounting for 46.15 % (6/13) of total enzyme systems examined. Results indicated that a certain of relative relation-ship was existed along with the significant variation presented based on their environment and location among the 7 populations of snails from the mainland of China. It was revealed that the 7 polymorphic loci were the important loci affecting the gentic variation in the differ-ent populations of Oncomelania spp.

Objective To investigate the effects of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with 10HZ , 80%motor threshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) on the cognitive function in unipolar depression. Method Sixty-nine patients with unipolar depression were randomly assigned to either the real rTMS group or the sham rTMS treatment( the control group) ,all patients were given extended releasing venlafaxine. the cognitive function was evaluated using P300 and Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status ( RBANS-immediate memory, visuospatial, language, attention, delayed memory, total score), Wisconsin card sorting test ( WCST-Right responses, Completed categories, Total errors , Preservative errors, Nonpreservative errors ). The depression severity was assessed with the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HAMD-24). All of tests were examined before and after six weeks with thirty times rTMS. Results At the end of six weeks treatments, regarding the WCST,real rTMS group showed better improvement in the right responses than control group(33.23±10.29 vs 27.09 ± 9.82, F= 16. 116 , P= 0. 000), besides right responses, real rTMS group had better performance in the rest items than control group(F=4.862 ～ 17.758, P= 0.031 ～ 0.000) ;concerning the RBANS, real rTMS group was significantly superior to control group in total score( (88.83 ± 16.48 ) vs (78.85 ± 13.51 ), F= 8. 425,P = 0. 005 ), besides total score , the real rTMS group had better performance in some rest factors than control group (F= 10.088 ～20. 801, P=0. 002 ～0.000);real rTMS group showed better improvement in the amplitude of P3than control group( (8.27 ± 2.97 ) μV vs ( 7.37 ± 2.66) μV, F= 5. 838 , P=0.018 ) ;real rTMS group demonstrated better improvement in HAMD-24 than control group( (4.7 ±2.4)vs ( 11.2 ±5.1 ), F= 29.537, P=0. 000).Conclusion rTMS can significantly improve cognitive function and depressive symptoms with unipolar depression.

In allusion to high labor intensity, low working efficiency and high error rate in hospital laboratory, a detection system of the enzyme-linked analyzer based on Multiscan EX instrument is developed. Being easy to operate, the detection system proves effective in enhancing working efficiency. It deserves popularizing because of its comprehensive applications to the detection.

Objective To study the liver fat content (LFC) in schizophrenia patients during olanzapine or aripipra?zol treatment, and to explore the relation between LFC and insulin resistance (IR). Methods Schizophrenia patients were randomly administered with olanzapine (10~25 mg/d, n=57) or aripiprazole (15~30 mg/d, n=47) for eight weeks. All sub?jects underwent sonographic quantification of LFC and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) once 0, 4, 8 weeks of treatment. Results Compared with baseline, the levels of HOMA-IR significantly in?creased after a 4-week and an 8-week of olanzapine treatment, and so did the LFC after an 8-week of olanzapine treat?ment (P<0.05). The levels of LFC (P>0.05) or HOMA-IR (P>0.05) did not significantly changed at week 4 and 8 in ar?ipiprazol group. The increment of LFC, HOMA-IR at week 8 was significantly higher in olanzapine group than that in ar?ipiprazol group (P<0.05). The change of LFC after 8-weeks olanzapine treatment was positively correlated with the change of HOMA-IR (r=0.298, P=0.036). Conclusion Olanzapine treatment increases whereas aripiprazol has little ef?fect on liver fat and insulin resistance in schizophrenia.

Objective To explore the method of Oncomelania hupensis snail surveillance in transmission?interrupted re?gions of schistosomiasis,so as to provide a new pattern for the surveillance of snail status in the transmission?interrupted areas. Methods In Dongtai County,north of Jiangsu Province where the transmission of schistosomiasis was interrupted,the surveil?lance of snail status was performed by means of the village?level general survey,village?level sampling survey,snail survey in key settings of township and county,and snail reporting by residents. In addition,quality?control snail sites were set up for quali?ty control. The effectiveness and cost of the four methods of snail surveillance was compared. Results A total of 163 079 set?tings and 22 785.62 hm2 were surveyed in Dongtai County from 2008 to 2013,and 89 residual snail breeding sites were found, with a snail area of 1.48 hm2. The patterns of village?level general survey,village?level sampling survey,and snail survey in key settings of township and county were employed for investigation of 94 550,45 033 and 23 496 settings,consisting of 57.98%, 27.61%and 14.41%of total settings,and 2,0 and 6 settings were found with snails,with 0.021/thousand,0,and 0.255/thou?sand detection rates of settings with snail breading sites,respectively. The pattern of snail survey in key settings of township and county was more effective than that of village?level survey to detect snail breeding sites(χ2 =19.158,P=0). The recovery rate of quality?control snail breeding sites was 52.56%,38.27%and 73.62%for the three patterns of snail survey,respectively,and the pattern of snail survey in key settings of township and county showed a higher quality for snail survey than that of village?lev?el survey(χ2 =111.597 and 85.991,both P=0). During the period from 2008 to 2013,289 person?times reported 279 sus?pected snail habitats and 1 501 living snails,and no Oncomelania snails were found. During the 6?year period,there were 1617.5,964.7 and 527.7 thousand RMB invested for village?level general survey,village?level sampling survey,and snail sur?vey in key settings of township and county,and the cost of snail survey per hm2 was 129.88,133.6 and 162.57 RMB/hm2,re?spectively. The cost of village?level general survey and snail survey in key settings of township and county to detect a snail?breed?ing site was 808 800 and 88 000 RMB,respectively(t=12.850,P=0.000),and the cost of snail survey in key settings of town?ship and county was 10.88%of that of village?level general survey. Conclusion The snail survey in key settings of township and county is a highly effective and high?quality method for snail surveillance,which may serve as a prior way for the surveil?lance of snail status in the transmission?interrupted areas of schistosomiasis.

Objective To understand the effect of Schistosoma japonicum infection on Oncomelania hupensis. Methods Uninfected Oncomelania snails were collected from the marshland of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province and exposed to and infected with miracidia of S.japonicum in the laboratory. After the exposure, those snails and unexposed snails as the control were raised in the natural environment of the same field and all the snails were observed and recorded every 10 days. The survival rate and death rate were calculated, and expected survival time was also calculated with the animal life table method. Results The peak of death of the infected snails was between 60 and 70 days after the exposure, and the expected survival time was 63.46 days and the longest survival time was 135 days. The peak of death of the unexposed snails was between 80 and 90 days, and the expected survival time was 83.54 days and the longest survival time was 155 days. The expected survival time of the infected snails was 24.04% shorter compared with that of the uninfected. Conclusion The death rate of snails infected with S.japonicum increases and the survival time decreases in the natural environment.

Objective To explore the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis cases and Oncomelania snails in the provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi with the assistance of geographic information systems (GIS). Methods Epidemiological data of schistosomiasis in recent 20 years were collected, and the relevant GIS databases were established. The spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out with ArcView 3\^x, S\|Plus, and Spatial Statistics software. Results Except for schistosomiasis cases in Jiangsu, the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis cases and Oncomelania snails in the three provinces were fitted to the spatial autocorrelation at a certain degree. Generally the autocorrelation coefficients (Moran′s I) in Oncomelania snails were higher than that in schistosomiasis cases. Conclusion Spatial autocorrelation analysis can be used to estimate the value of one variable in different spatial position, and it is a good way to find out the spatial cluster distribution in different stages.

Objective To observe hibernation phenomena of Oncomelanai hupensis and explore the way of inducing the hibernation in laboratory. \ Methods\ Snails, O\^hupensis hupensis, were collected from marshland of Jiangsu. The snail hibernation was induced by the way of cultivation at a mimic natural environment in the laboratory with gradually changing temperature. The amount of oxygen consumed by snails was tested by iodine titration, and their hibernation was tested by pin puncture followed by warm water. \ Results \ There was no significant difference on the rate of snail \{hibernation\} when the temperature was reduced by 1 ℃ per 24 hrs and by 1 ℃ per 48 hrs. The hibernation rate \{increased\} with the decreasing temperature. There was a significant regression relationship between hibernation rate and temperature with R\+2=0\^967 (F=207\^72, P

Objective To study the impact of environmental temperature on the development of Schistosoma japonicum larvae within the Oncomelania hupensis. Methods Oncomelania snails, collected from the field and free of S. japonicum infection, were exposed to miracidiae of S. japonicum in a ratio of 1∶20 and raised at 30 ℃, 27 ℃, 24 ℃, 21 ℃ and 18 ℃, respectively. The prepatent period of larvae within the Oncomelania hupensis and the developmental velocity were determined, of which the relationship with the temperature was analysed. Results The average prepatent period of cercariae in snail was (128.89?16.05) d,(95.00?21.03) d,(71.93?12.74) d and (62.74?14.19) d at 21 ℃, 24 ℃, 27 ℃, 30 ℃, respectively. The regression formulation between prepatent period and temperature was y =730.68x -0.8918 (r=0.9976, P

Objective To evaluate the impact of the project diverting the Yangtze River water to the Northern Jiangsu on transmission towards the north of Oncomelania hupensis snails, in order to provide the scientific basis for the South-North Water Diversion Project (east route). Methods The running situation of the water diversion project, the data on hydrology of the waterway and the distribution of snails and schistosomiasis were investigated with the methods of epidemiology、hydrology and field test. Results There was no significant correlation between the region of waterhead and water supply on the change of snail areas. There was no significant correlation between the snail areas of the region of water supply and the volume of water diversion, either. The snail habitat was stable at the Gaoyou segment along the Grand Canal. The snail habitat in the natural place of the north of 33?15′ north latitude on the east route has not been discovered yet. Conclusion There is no sign of transmission towards north on the snail habitat at the Gaoyou segment along the Grand Canal since the project was constructed in 1961. There is no evidence that the project leads to the spread of snails and schistosomiasis, either.