AIM To establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method for the content determination of six catechins in Xinnaojian Capsules (Tablets) (tea extract).METHODS The analysis of 50％ methanol extract of this drug was performed on a 35 ℃ thermostatic Shimadzu Wonda Cract ODS-2 column (4.6 mm ×250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of 0.5％ acetic acid (A)-acetonitrile (B) flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 280 nm.With epigallocatechin gallate as an internal standard,the relative correction factors of epigallocatechin,catechin,epicatechin,gallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate were calculated,from which the content determination was made.RESULTS Six constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges (r ≥ 0.999 8),whose average recoveries were 96.00％-98.47％ with the RSDs of 2.09％-2.91％.The results obtained by QAMS method approximated those obtained by external standard method.CONCLUSION This simple and reliable method can be used for the quality control of Xinnaojian Capsules (Tablets).

BACKGROUND: A variety of angiogenic factors are involved in bone healing after osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the role and mechanism of angiogenic factors in osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
METHODS: A computed-based online search of PubMed, Google and SpringerLink databases was performed using the key words of “angiogenic factors, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1, fibroblast growth factor-2, hypoxia inducible factor-1, calcitonin gene related peptide and hypoxia inducible factor-1α” for literatures published from December 1980 to May 2015.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Finaly, 68 articles were included. Bone angiogenesis which is dependent on special signaling factors in the microenvironment is closely linked with bone repair. A variety of cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1, fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet-derived growth factor, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α, have been identifiedto control angiogenesis in different ways and be involved in the repair of necrotic femoral head.

Objective CD8 +T cells increased in the airway of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exis -ted constantly .The aim was to investigate the role of CD 8 +T-cells in rats with chronic bronchitis ( CB) which was induced by cigarette smoking and intratracheal injection with lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) . Methods 18 health Wistar rats were radomly divided into sham smoking group(group A), CB group(group B) and N-acetylcysteine prevention group (group C).The rats in group B and group C re-ceived intratracheal injection with LPS twice and exposed to cigarette smoking for 4 weeks to induce CB model .The rats in Group C re-ceiving intragastric administration with N-acetylcysteine (NAC)(200mg/kg) before received LPS and smoking.Group A was the sham smoking group.The lung tissue of all rats were stained by HE then evaluated about pathological scores .The expression of nuclear fac-tor-κB (NF-κB), major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI), CD8 +T cell and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in airway were detected by immunohistochemisty which was stained by labeled streptavidin biotin method . Results The pathological scores of airway ( 10 .83 ±3 .31 ) in group B were higher than (1.17 ±2.40) in group A(P <0.05).The pathological scores of airway(4.66 ±2.25) in group C were less than (10.83 ±3.31) in group B(P <0.05).The expression of NF-κB(4.84), MHC I (2.48),CD8 +T cell(5.35)and VEGF(5.02) in airway increased in group B when compared with (1.18, 1.25, 1.33) and (1.18) in group A respectively(P <0.05).The expression of NF-κB (2.18), MHC I(1.46),CD8 +(2.35)and VEGF(2.02) in airway decreased in group C when compared with (4.84), MHC I(2.48),CD8 +T cell(5.35)and VEGF(5.02) in group B respectively (P<0.05 ). There were positive correlations between the expression of NF-κB, MHC I and CD8 +T cells in airways(r=0.670, r=0.701, respec-tively, all P<0.01).There were positive correlations between the expression of CD 8 +T cells and VEGF the pathological scores of air-ways(r=0.689, r=0.782, respectively, all P<0.01). Conclusion NAC can inhibit airway inflammation which is regulated by CD8 +T-cells and VEGF through suppressing the expression of NF -κB and MHC I.

BACKGROUND: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) following internal fixation of femoral neck fractures is difficult to be cured in clinic.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the literatures concerning ONFH in patients with femoral neck fractures treated with screw internal fixation in recent 15 years, and to summarize the research progress in views of epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis,treatment and rehabilitation.METHODS: Databases of CNKI, WanFang, CqVip, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science were searched with the keywords of femoral neck fracture, osteonecrosis of femoral head, osteonecrosis, internal fixation, internal fixation with screw in English and Chinese, respectively. Afterwards, the reviews and case reports were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A total of 54 eligible articles addressing the ONFH following internal fixation for femoral neck fractures were included, and the incidence of ONFH varied from 8.1% to 37.2%, which was found at an average of 17 months after injury. (2) ONFH was found to be related to age, preoperative fracture displacement, preoperative traction,reduction condition, time from injury to operation, elderly patients companied with other diseases, older patients undergoing removal of the screws, closed or open internal fixation, restored time postoperatively, high body mass index, hyperlipidemia, season, and depression. (3) Early prevention and remedial surgery were used to treat ONFH. (4) The patients without weight-bearing activities at 3-6 months postoperatively could be beneficial for functional recovery. (5) These results suggest that choosing appropriate surgical programs and rehabilitation plan can reduce the incidence of ONFH and achieve good treatment outcomes, such as reasonable preoperative planning, standardized operation skills, correct diagnosis and treatment, proper postoperative rehabilitation and good doctor-patient cooperation.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)has been classified as mild,moderate,or severe,on the basis of the Glasgow coma scale (GCS)score.Mild TBI is estimated to account for 90% of all cases of TBI, and it has become a serious public health problem,with morbidity increasing year by year.At present,there is a lack of accepted uniform definition of mild TBI.Clinically,mild TBI and concussion are interchangeable terms.In recent years,advances in brain imaging,biomarkers determination,and neuropathology have encouraged people to revise and update their knowledge about mild TBI.In view of the high prevalence of mild TBI in the emergency and community,and the absence of the data concerning the long-term effects of mild TBI, further research is needed about how to reduce morbidity and costs, alleviate delayed consequences,and develop evidence-based interventions to improve outcomes.

Through analyzing the current situation and coverage controversy of Chinese clinical trial insurance,this paper stated that the attending insurance rate in domestic clinical trials was entirely low.The sponsors,clinical trial institutions,investigators and insurance companies paid attention of different levels to clinical trial insurance.Therefore,the risk awareness of drug/medical device clinical trials should be enhanced.It is necessary to give impetus to clinical trial insurance system,during which all parties need to make a joint effort including government departments,ethics committees,sponsors,clinical trial institutions,investigators and insurance companies.

BACKGROUND:At present, finite element analysis technology can set up the model, predict diagnosis, treatment design, as wel as surgical plan, and can be used in the treatment of necrosis of femoral head. OBJECTIVE:To sum and discuss recent progress in clinical and experimental research regarding biomechanical study in osteonecrosis of femoral head by using finite element analysis. METHODS:A computer-based retrieval was performed by the authors (Hong Guo-ju and Zhou Guang-quan) in PubMed, Google, SpringerLink, ChinaNational Knowledge Infrastructure databases for literatures published from January 2010 to December 2015. The key words were“(finite element analysis OR finite element) AND (osteonecrosis OR osteonecrosis of femoral head)”. Inclusive criteria:studies with contents closely related to this paper;original papers with reliable topics and evidence;or papers with clear points and al-round analysis and both studies in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 27 studies were included. The articles in the latest five years related to femoral head osteonecrosis and finite element analysis application were concentrated on. We summarized the latest research progress and problems, including the applied research carried out in the femoral head osteonecrosis clinical cases, innovational skil s, so as to point out the direction of future research in the finite element analysis.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and advantages of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) in treating high-risk prostate cancer.Methods From Mar.2010 to Dec.2014,69 men with high-risk prostate cancer (clinical stage ≥ T3a,serum PSA ≥ 20 μg/L or biopsy Gleason score ≥8) underwent surgical treatment at our center.RALRP was performed in 44 cases,with a mean age of (66.7 ± 8.6) yrs (range:50 ～ 82) and a mean baseline PSA of (23.1 ± 11.2) μg/L (range:3.6-48.8).Transperitoneal approach was adopted in all cases.Twenty-five patients were treated with ORP.The mean age was (64.3 ± 5.9) yrs (range:52-75) and baseline PSA was (21.7 ± 10.2) μg/L (range:5.7-41.3).Baseline clinical features,including age,initial PSA,biopsy Gleason score and clinical staging,were comparable between two cohorts.Surgical outcomes after RALRP were analyzed and compared between groups.Results All RALRP procedures were successfully performed with da Vinci robotic system and there was no open conversion.Mean operation duration were similarly (158 ± 47)min for RALRP group and (152± 42)min for ORP group,respectively.The mean estimated blood loss and postoperative length of hospital stay in RALRP group were (328 ± 254) ml and (8.4 ± 3.1) days,both of which were significant lower than those in ORP group,(674 ± 302) ml and (14.4 ± 3.7) days.Two cases of urine leak and two of lymphatic leak occurred after RALRP,and a statistically insignificantly higher complication rate was observed for the ORP group,in which four of urine leak and three of lymphatic leak happened.The positive surgical margin rates of two groups were 20.5％ and 24％,respectively.After the mean follow-up of 25 (RALRP) and 27 months (ORP),continence rate was significantly higher in the RARLP group (93.2％ vs.72.0％).PSA failure was observed in seven RALRP cases (15.9％) and four ORP cases (16.0％).Conclusion Compared with traditional ORP,RALRP shows significant advantages,including less blood loss,fewer complications,shorter length of stay,better postoperative continence and equivalent oncologic outcome when dealing with high-risk prostate cancer cases.Robot-assisted surgery is a safe and efficacious surgical modality in this setting.

BACKGROUND:Intertrochanteric fracture is one of the most common fractures in older adults. The surgical treatment methods include artificial joint replacement (total hip and femoral head replacement) and internal fixation (proximal femoral nail anti-rotation and dynamic hip screw), but there is no clear evidence to evaluate the effect of them. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect difference of arthroplasty and internal fixation in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly people. METHODS:We retrieved randomized controled studies on artificial joint replacement (total hip and femoral head replacement) and internal fixation (proximal femoral nail anti-rotation and dynamic hip screw) in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture from 1990 to 2015. Meta-analysis was used to compare operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, one-year postoperative Harris hip scores, and one-year postoperative complication between the arthroplasty and internal fixation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Twenty-one studies were included. (2) Intraoperative bleeding volume and one-year postoperative Harris hip scores were higher in the arthroplasty group than in the internal fixation group. (3) Operation time was similar between the arthroplasty and internal fixation groups. (4) Complication rate was lower in the arthroplasty group than in the internal fixation group. Incidence of complications was closed between the arthroplasty and internal fixation groups. (5) Results suggested that the effect of arthroplasty was better than internal fixation for treating intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly. However, prospective large-sample long-term randomized controled trials are needed for verification.

BACKGROUND:The pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head remains unclear. Femoral head reconstruction after colapse is related to the bone remodeling due to disorder of the bone formation-absorption coupling. “Removing Blood Stasis” Method has been shown to have a positive effect on the disease in clinics. However, the mechanisms by which the “Removing Blood Stasis” Method confers bone repair after osteonecrosis remain poorly understood.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of “Removing Blood Stasis” Method on bone repair in rabbits with steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis.
METHODS: Fifty New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned into three groups: normal control (n=10),
model (n=20) andTaohong Siwu Decoction (n=20) groups, respectively. The steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head animal models were established by intramuscular injection of endotoxin combined with methylprednisolone (MPS). Rabbits inTaohong Siwu Decoction group were intragastricaly administered with 0.3 g/kg ofTaohong Siwu Decoction suspension after the last injection of methylprednisolone. The control and model groups were administrated by equal volume of ultrapure water for 8 consecutive weeks. High-resolution MRI and pathological determinations were used to assess the successful models. Protein expression levels of ABCB1, RUNX2, OPN, RANK, RANKL, PPAR, osteoprotegerin (OPG), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rabbit femoral heads were detected by western blot assay.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that trabecular bone fracture, karyopyknosis, empty lacunae, necrotic bone marrow cels were seen in the model group. Empty lacunae rate in the model group was significantly different from that in the normal control group (P < 0.05). Bone formation was active and kept better trabecular morphology in theTaohong Siwu Decoction group. It suggested that “Removing Blood Stasis” Method can improve repair of necrotic area. (2) In the model group, femoral head with a wide range of low-density areas in high-resolution MRI;Taohong Siwu Decoction group showed the relatively normal shape of the femoral head with smal areas of low density. It suggested that “Removing Blood Stasis” Method can improve image changes in the necrotic area. (3) Protein expression levels of RUNX2, RANK, RANKL were significantly up-regulated but protein expression levels of ABCB1, OPG, VEGF were significantly down-regulated in the model group compared with the normal control group; whereas, they were al significantly up-regulated in theTaohong Siwu Decoction group compared with the model group, except for RANK and RANKL (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the “Removing Blood Stasis” Method can promote bone repair in steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis rabbits by regulating protein expressions of ABCB1, RUNX2, RANK, RANKL, OPG, and VEGF.