Objective To understand the current situation of smoking among students of a medical college in Chongqing and its influencing factors .Methods By applying the stratified cluster random sampling method ,1 437 students were sampled from 5 facul-ties 3 grades in this college for conducting the smoking questionnaire investigation .Results The smoking rate was 12 .69% ,which in males and females were 32 .59% and 3 .51% ,respectively .Among them ,the nursing faculty and the grade 1 had the lowest smok-ing rates ,which were 4 .02% and 8 .84% respectively ;the smoking rate in the students from different origins had no statistical difference(P>0 .05) .The influencing factors of smoking included male ,faculty ,fresh students ,parents with smoking habit ,drink-ing and the knowledge acquistion frequency of smoking harmful to health ,etc .Conclusion It is imperative to strengthen the fre-quent smoking control education and intervention among the students in the medical colleges ,especially to males and the fresh students ,for effectively reduce the smoking rate .

Objective To understand the smoking intention in future 3-5 years among the students of a medical college in Chongqing .Methods According to the stratified cluster random sampling ,1 457 students from 3 grades in 5 faculties were sampled and performed the questionnaire investigation on the smoking behavior and smoking intention .Results The smoking rate was 12 .69% and the attempting smoking rate was 14 .95% .Among them ,the smoking rate and the attempting smoking rate in males were 32 .59% and 27 .46% ,and which in females were 3 .51% and 9 .18% ,respectively .The proportions of the students with hesi-tation and affirmation for answering the smoking intention in future 3-5 years and the current smoking students were 49 .44% and 23 .89% respectively ;which were 34 .82% and 14 .29% in males and 10 .52% and 1 .65% in females respectively ;which were 10 .24% and 3 .01% in grade 1 ,24 .73% and 7 .44% in grade 2 and 20 .30% and 6 .70% in grade 3 .Conclusion Partial medical students still insist on smoking in future ,and especially the students with the hesitating attitude of smoking in the future occupy a higher proportion .So it is necessary to strengthen the smoking control work in medical college and the antismoking attitude educa-tion .

0.05).The splicing destruction among each group was the main breakage method between materials and fiber posts.The surface treatment of fiber posts with sandblast or hydrogen peroxide significantly enhanced the bond strength of the composite resin tested.The surface treatment of fiber posts with silane did not enhance the bond strength of the composite resin.

Objective To understand the current situation of smoking and the influencing factors among female students of a medical college in Chongqing .Methods By applying the stratified cluster random sampling method ,992 female students were sam-pled from 5 faculties 3 grades in this college for conducting the smoking questionnaire investigation .Results The smoking rate a-mong female students was 3 .51% and the attempting smoking rate was 9 .18% .Among them ,the higher smoking rate mainly fo-cused on the students from urban area ,which was 9 .30% .The female students without opposite attitude to college student′s smok-ing had the smoking rate of 12 .11% and the female students with peripheral friends smoking had the smoking rate of 28 .22% .The influencing factors of smoking among female students included the place where the students came from ,student′s attitudes to smok-ing ,the smoking status of their peripheral friends ,etc .Conclusion The smoking rate among female students in the medical college is basically consistent to that of the national level of female smoking ,but the total cigarette contact rate is higher .It is necessary to strengthen the frequent smoking control education and intervention on the female students in the medical colleges for effectively re-ducing the smoking rate and decreasing the smoking harm to the female health .

BACKGROUND: Fiber posts are currently perceived as promising alternatives to cast metal posts, as their elastic modulus are similar to that of dentin, producing a favorable stress distribution and providing more esthetic outcomes for endodontically treated teeth. Failure of a fiber post and composite resin core often occurs at the junction between the two materials. This failure process requires better characterization.OBJECTIVE: To compare the bond strength of fiber posts after three surface treatments to a composite resin. METHODS: The coronal portions of 20 mandibular premolars with a single root canal were removed and were endodontically treated. After post space preparation, the roots were divided into four groups and the fiber posts and resin cores were lured. In the three testing groups, the surfaces of fiber posts were silaned, sandblasted or etched with hydrogen peroxide. In the control group, the surfaces of fiber posts were not treated. All specimens were exposed to cyclic loadings and thermal cycles. The roots were sectioned into slices with 1 mm thickness and their bond strengths were tested with a universal material testing machine. Test piece following testing was placed under optical microscope to observe the breakage method.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Stickiness strength was significantly greater in the sandblasted and hydrogen peroxide groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in stickiness strength was determined between the sandblasted and hydrogen peroxide groups (P > 0.05). No significant difference in stickiness strength was detected between the silaned and control groups (P > 0.05). The splicing destruction among each group was the main breakage method between materials and fiber posts. The surface treatment of fiber posts with sandblast or hydrogen peroxide significantly enhanced the bond strength of the composite resin tested. The surface treatment of fiber posts with silane did not enhance the bond strength of the composite resin.

Objective To explore the changes and clinical significance of plasma tissue factor pathway (TFP) levels during the onset of acute ischemic cardiac and cerebral vessel disease. Methods The study population consisted of 69 patients with AMI and 71 with AICS as well as 50 age-matched healthy volunteers. Blood samples were obtained during the onset period of AMI and AICS. Tissue factor (TF) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) activity in plasma were assayed with the chromogenic assay, Plasma TF and TFPI antigen were measured with ELISA, Plasma FⅦ coagulation activity (FⅦ:C) was developed in the one- stage system. Plasma FⅦa was determined by soluble TF assay, plasma prothrombin (FII) and fibrinogen (Fbg) were measured by one-stage amidolytic assay and thrombin time (TT) respectively. Results In the AMI group, compared with the control group, plasma TF activities and antigens, TFPI activities and antigens as well as FⅦa were significantly higher(all P0.05), plasma FII and Fbg were also remarkably increased (both P0.05). Conclusion The initiation of TF pathway would be associated with the onset of AMI and AIS, but the changes of TF, TFPI, FⅦ:C and Fbg in AMI are different from those in AICS, endothelial dysfunction and the blood is in hypercoagulable state.

The ligament deficiency has very high incidence, which can lead to disability and progressive degeneration of other structures of the joint. There is no efficient clinical treatment can fully reconstruct the injured ACL. Tissue engineering scaffold provides a novel technique to regenerate new ligament tissue ingrowth both in vitro and vivo. Thus the materials for scaffolds are especially important. The scaffolds must be biocompatible, absorbable, and primarily can induce new tissue ingrowth. This review focuses mainly on collagen and silk fibroin, which showed better proprieties for the ligament reconstruction, and also glances at several other scaffold materials. There are some progresses in the scaffold materials, but it is far away from the clinical use. Finally, the trend for the future development is outlined here.

Objective Clinical features of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) were reviewed in order to improve its diagnosis in our clinical practice. Methods Clinical data of 70 patients with PBC were reviewed including the clinical manifestation, laboratory tests, pathological findings and the response to therapy. Results Sixty-two patients were females (88.6%), eight patients were males (11.4%), and the mean age at diagnosis was (53.1?10.4) years. The most frequently complained symptoms were pruitus (60.0%), fatigue (42.9%), anorexia (41.4%) and jaundice (45.7%). Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ? glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels were markedly elevated in all patients, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were mildly elevated. The serum total bilirubin level increased in sixty-five patients (92.9%). Forty-four patients (62.9%) had elevated serum immunoglobin M (IgM), and 98.6% of patients (69/70) were antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) /AMA-M2 positive. Forty-one patients underwent pathological examinations, 82.9% in early stage (Ⅰ,Ⅱ stage) and 17.1% in advanced stage (Ⅲ,Ⅳ stage).Conclusions PBC most frequently affects middle-aged women and the main clinical manifestations are pruritus, fatigue, anorexia and jaundice. The elevated level of ALP, GGT, IgM and positive AMA/AMA-M2 may be crucial to diagnosis of PBC.

Objective To observe the changes of the levels of transforming growth factor ? 1(TGF ? 1),fibronectin(FN),laminin(LN) and collagen content and myocardium ultrastructure in streptozotocin experimental diabetes mellitus rats.To study the role of TGF ? 1 and extracellar matrix(ECM) in diabetic cardiomyopathy episode.Methods Observing myocardium ultrastructure by electron microscope and assaying TGF ? 1,FN,LN by immunohistochemistric,and observing collagen content by VG staining.Results TGF ? 1,FN,LN were expressed more in STZ inroduced diabetic rats than in normal rats.The difference between two groups was significant ( P