PURPOSE: Frailty is a wasting syndrome common in old age and to confer high risk for morbidity and mortality. There is a growing consensus of the definition of frailty, but until now the diagnostic criteria is not clear yet. In the older male patients, almost of studies about testosterone replacement therapy performed to normal healthy population. And also only few studies were performed to the frail elderly patients. So we would like to investigate the effficacy of testosterone supplementation in the frail elderly. METHODS: Since May to Sep 2001, ambulatory elderly patients who were 65 years and over were recruited in the outpatient clinic of Asan Medical Center. All of them showed the typical characteristics of frailty symptom-weight loss, loss of muscle mass, weakness, fatigability, anorexia, inactivity. The patients who have sleep-apnea or previous history of prostate cancer were excluded. All patients were checked the serum PSA, total testosterone level, routine CBC, lipid, liver function test and evaluated prostate status with US or digital rectal examination, and treated with oral formula testosterone unde- canoate 80 mg daily. All patients were surveyed with ADL, IADL before the testosterone therapy and 3month later. RESULTS: A total of 6 male frail patients(mean age: 80+/-8.5) were enrolled. During 3 month Follow-up period, one was expired, 5 were finished the study. Before the testosterone replacement, mean total testos- terone level was 3.0+/-0.5 ng/ml and mean PSA was 1.3+/-0.7 ng/ml. After 3 months, blood hematocrit, cholesterol, total testosterone were not changed significantly and the body weight also showed insig- nificant increase. But after 3 months, all of them reported the increased well-being sensation, improved fatigability, weakness and improved ADL level. There were no significant adverse effects associated with testosterone replacement. CONCLUSION: In male frail elderly patients, the testosterone replacement therapy can be used safely, and can be improve the frailty associated symptom and ADL ability.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Anorexia ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Consensus ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Follow-Up Studies ; Frail Elderly* ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Liver Function Tests ; Male ; Mortality ; Prostate ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Sensation ; Testosterone* ; Wasting Syndrome

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the trends of nurses' stress based on the last 10 years of international research and to suggest directions for future research. METHODS: Fifty three articles between 2002 and 2011 were selected using key words such as 'nurse' and 'stress' from the PubMed and CINAHL. RESULTS: The number of experimental studies increased. The nurses from the various fields were studied. Most studies used a reliable and valid tool for measuring stress of specific nursing staff. The Internet survey was recently used for a data collection method. Significant variables correlated with nurses' stress were categorized into 8 domains: Individual susceptibility, quantitative workload, qualitative workload, physical environment, organizational factors, and interpersonal conflict. CONCLUSION: In Korea, the next phase of research on nurses' stress needs to consider the experimental study design to find more specific causal relationships. Also, it is necessary to develop the nurses' stress tool for reliable and valid measurement.
Data Collection ; Humans ; Internet ; Korea ; Nursing Staff

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Peripheral Arterial Disease*

No abstract available.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*

No abstract available.
Licensure*

Failure to thrive (FTT) is defined when the weight of a child is below 3rd percentile or when there is sudden weight loss in history. If organic cause of the weight loss is not found, it is called non-organic failure to thrive(NETT). Relatively little attention has been paid to NFTT in Korea for various reasons and the incidence is not known. 25 NFTT infants, aged 3 to 36 months, and 25 controls, matched by age and sex of the infants and age and education of the mothers, were studied through interviews, questionnaires and MMP1. None of the NFTT and control infants had signs of developmental delay on Korean DDST, but the NFTT babies had more negative attitudes toward foods and were viewed by their mothers as more 'difficult' compared to the controls. Screening of home situations were similar in both groups. There was no difference in reports of mothers' childhood, marital status, mental states or current relations with extended family members. Analysis of MMPI of mothers of NFTT babies showed lower T-scores in Hs (hypochondreiasis) and Hy (hysteria) and higher in Mf (masculinitty-feminity) scales than those of mothers of the controls. But most the scores of scores of MMPI of mothers were within normal limits. Conclusion:Multiple factors seem to play roles in the development of NFTT, the babies' attitudes toward food and temperament being the major ones. The relative improtance of any single factor varies according to each particular infant. Contrary to the findings of other Engligh reports, mothers' mental status was found to play negligible role in the development of NFTT in this study.
Child ; Education ; Failure to Thrive* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant* ; Korea ; Marital Status ; Mass Screening ; MMPI ; Mothers ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Temperament ; Weight Loss ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans

No abstract available.