Violence against medical personnel has been increasing recently, and violence in the doctor's office has become a serious threat to the safety of patients and medical personnel. However, medical personnel are not receiving adequate protection from violence, and the Assault Prevention Act against Medical Personnel has not been passed. Therefore, medical personnel must currently take measures to protect themselves from violence. The main perspective on countermeasures for violence against medical personnel is not that violence itself but that violence can disturb a physician's practice. In case of a violent incident in a doctor's office, medical personnel must take aggressive legal action. In addition medical personnel, the government, law enforcement officials, and citizens should make an effort to build a cooperative system for eliminating violence from the medical field.
Humans ; Law Enforcement ; Medical Staff* ; Violence*

The increase in car usage due to economic prosperity has led to increase in occupant injuries. One way to reduce the injuries encountered by road accident victims is by implementing the rear seatbelt (RSB) law. Rear seatbelt wearing has been proven to save lives. In Malaysia, the implementation of the restraint system for front occupant has started in the 70’s. However, the rear seatbelt enforcement law only came in 2009, after six months of an advocacy program. Prior to the introduction of the rear seatbelt law, rear seatbelt wearing rate was rather low, started to increase gradually during the advocacy period and jumped to the highest level after two month of the enforcement. This paper attempts to assess the effectiveness of the rear seatbelt intervention in reducing injuries among passenger car occupants in Malaysia using the generalized linear model (GLM). In GLM procedure, the dependent variable is the number of people from passenger vehicles that sustained severe and slight injuries, for the study period. The study period selected covers six months before implementation, six months during advocacy program, and six months after the law is implemented. The independent variables considered are enforcement and balik kampung activities (both are dummy variables) and time effect. Our results suggest that RSB intervention (p-value= 0.0001) had significantly reduced the number of people sustained serious and slight injuries by about 20%. The implementation of change in the RSB law has benefited not only in reducing the number of injuries but also result to great impact to the health outcomes.
Seat Belts ; Law Enforcement ; prevention & control ; Malaysia

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing is a controversial issue although Korean Government is considering to expand DTC genetic testing. Preventing the exaggeration and abusing of DTC genetic testing is an important task considering the early history of DTC genetic testing in Korea. And the DTC genetic testing performance or method has been rarely reported to the scientific and/or medical community and reliability of DTC genetic testing needs to be assessed. Law enforcement needs to improve these issues. Also principle of transparency needs to be applied.
Genetic Testing ; Korea ; Law Enforcement ; Methods

BACKGROUND: Shift work has been associated with occupational stress in health providers and in those working in some industrial companies. The association is not well established in the law enforcement workforce. Our objective was to examine the association between shift work and police work-related stress. METHODS: The number of stressful events that occurred in the previous month and year was obtained using the Spielberger Police Stress Survey among 365 police officers aged 27-66 years. Work hours were derived from daily payroll records. A dominant shift (day, afternoon, or night) was defined for each participant as the shift with the largest percentage of total time a participant worked (starting time from 4:00 AM to 11:59 AM, from 12 PM to 7:59 PM, and from 8:00 PM to 3:59 AM for day, afternoon, and night shift, respectively) in the previous month or year. Analysis of variance and covariance were used to examine the number of total and subscale (administrative/professional pressure, physical/psychological danger, or organizational support) stressful events across the shift. RESULTS: During the previous month and year, officers working the afternoon and night shifts reported more stressful events than day shift officers for total stress, administrative/professional pressure, and physical/psychological danger (p < 0.05). These differences were independent of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and police rank. The frequency of these stressful events did not differ significantly between officers working the afternoon and night shifts. CONCLUSION: Non-day shift workers may be exposed to more stressful events in this cohort. Interventions to reduce or manage police stress that are tailored by shift may be considered.
Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Law Enforcement ; Life Change Events ; Police*

It is noteworthy that most unidentified dead are unnatural and violent deaths. The accurate identification of a decedent permits certification of death and notification of next of kin. Only then may they proceed with the probate of wills, apply for disbursement of benefits and insurance, and begin to work through the grieving process. Law enforcement agencies need positive identification to pick up the leads of investigation to develop suspects, establish the corpus delicti of homicide and reconstruct the sequence of events of a crime. Agencies and a variety of consultants are involved in recognizing and developing the unique features of a decedent that lead to identification. Cooperative working relations with newspaper and other media will help in publicizing the need for persons with information to come forward diagrammatically. In this paper, 5 individual identification cases in unexpected or homicidal deaths are described. The comparison between the postmortem and antemortem records show that the victims are correctly identified.
Certification ; Consultants ; Crime ; Homicide ; Humans ; Insurance ; Law Enforcement ; Periodicals

It is noteworthy that most unidentified dead are unnatural and violent deaths. The accurate identification of a decedent permits certification of death and notification of next of kin. Only then may they proceed with the probate of wills, apply for disbursement of benefits and insurance, and begin to work through the grieving process. Law enforcement agencies need positive identification to pick up the leads of investigation to develop suspects, establish the corpus delicti of homicide and reconstruct the sequence of events of a crime. Agencies and a variety of consultants are involved in recognizing and developing the unique features of a decedent that lead to identification. Cooperative working relations with newspaper and other media will help in publicizing the need for persons with information to come forward diagrammatically. In this paper, 5 individual identification cases in unexpected or homicidal deaths are described. The comparison between the postmortem and antemortem records show that the victims are correctly identified.
Certification ; Consultants ; Crime ; Homicide ; Humans ; Insurance ; Law Enforcement ; Periodicals

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are common residents of bone marrow and are defined by their higher self-renewal ability and multilineage differentiation. MSC play an important role in supporting haematopoiesis and therefore are implicated in influencing immune responses. In line with this, MSC have been utilized to treat graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in order to suppress unwanted T cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the immune-suppressive effect of bone marrow derived MSC on T cell proliferation at the cell cycle level. MSC were generated from human bone marrow and confirmed by their immune-phenotyping. Resting or PHA stimulated allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were co- cultured in the presence or absence of MSC. T cell proliferation was accessed by trypan-blue exclusion assay at day three. Consequently cell cycle analysis was carried out to determine the mechanism of antiproliferation. MSC failed to elicit proliferation at resting T cell. However, proliferation of PHA-stimulated T cells was dramatically inhibited in the presence of MSC in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). Following the inhibitory activity, MSC prevented activated T cells from entering the S phase of cell cycle by arresting them in the G1 phase. Our findings indicate that MSC escape recognition by T cells and inhibit T cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. This immune-suppressive effect is most probably mediated by cell-to-cell contact and/or secreted soluble factors.
T-Lymphocytes ; Cell Cycle ; seconds ; Law enforcement arrest ; Stem Cells

BACKGROUND: Police officers are often required to undertake physically demanding tasks, like lifting, dragging and pursuing a suspect. Therefore, physical performance is a key requirement. METHODS: Retrospective data for 76 male police officers (mean age = 39.42 ± 8.41 years; mean weight = 84.21 ± 12.91 kg) was obtained. Data included anthropometric (skinfolds, estimated percentage body fat, lean body mass and fat mass) and physical performance (1 Repetition Maximum Bench Press, 1–min sit-ups, 1-min push-ups, vertical jump, 300 m run, 1.5 mile run) measures and correlations between anthropometric measurement and fitness score were obtained. RESULTS: Estimated percentage body fat was significantly (p ≤ .001) and negatively correlated with all performance measures, except sit-ups and 300 m and 1.5 mile run performance. Estimated lean body mass was significantly and positively (p ≤ .001) correlated with push-ups, bench press and vertical jump measures, while increasing estimated fat mass was significantly (p ≤ .001) associated with reduced performance on sit-up, vertical jump, 1.5 mile run and estimated maximal voluntary oxygen uptake. CONCLUSIONS: A targeted approach, going beyond just decreasing percentage body fat to also selectively increasing lean mass, should be applied for optimal improvement in physical fitness performance.
Adipose Tissue ; Cohort Studies* ; Humans ; Jurisprudence* ; Law Enforcement* ; Lifting ; Male* ; Oxygen ; Physical Fitness ; Police* ; Retrospective Studies*

This is a comparative study based on the data of legal autopsies performed at the National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Seoul, during the year of 2000. In South Korea, the pathologists usually do not attend the death scene, and the scene investigation is performed only by the law enforcement agency. The latter collects the information needed for clarifying the cause and manner of death. The authors tried to estimate the efficiency of the death investigation through the discrepancy between the presumed and the most possible cause of death. We presumed the cause of death on the ground of police investigation and external examination by the general physicians, The most possible cause of death means the best diagnosis after autopsy by pathologists, with the consideration of police information. Followings are the summary of the results. The coincidence rate with the most possible death are over 90% in presumed trauma, asphyxia, thermal injuries, electrocution, starvation/neglect, and over 80% in drowning and natural deaths. The rate was low in medical injuries(26.6%) and poisoning(67.2%). 7.3 to 8.2% were natural in presumed blunt trauma, traffic injury and fall down injuries. Among 48 cases of presumed ligature strangulation, 6 were other type of asphyxia or other injuries, and 2 unknown. The coincidence rate was only 30.8% in acute alcohol poisoning. 5.9% of presumed fire death was proved other type of violent injuries. In the field of medical practices, only 6.3% of accused general medical procedures were proved dead due to themselves. But the rate was increased up to 49.0% in presumed surgery/anesthetic deaths. 12.9% were violent death in presumed natural death, and 64.6% were dead due to violent causes in the cases of no presumable cause of death.
Asphyxia ; Autopsy* ; Cause of Death* ; Diagnosis ; Drowning ; Fires ; Humans ; Korea ; Law Enforcement ; Ligation ; Poisoning ; Police ; Seoul

This is a statistical analysis based on the data of legal autopsies under 1 year of age performed at the Headquarters of the National Institute Scientific Investigation, requested from law enforcement agencies from 1996 to 2000. This report aims to analyse various aspects of 530 unusual deaths under 1 year of age in Korea, chiefly Seoul and its surrounding area. Male was 55.8% and female was 44.2%. Unnatural deaths were 39.6%, natural 53.4%, and the unknown 7.0%. Homicide occupied 66.7% in unnatural death and asphyxia was 41.4%, starvation and neglect 35.0%, and trauma 20.7% in homicide. Smothering was the leading cause of asphyxial homicide and accidental death. Natural death including perinatal disorders, sudden infant death syndrome and congenital malformations was the main cause of death in this age group.
Asphyxia ; Autopsy* ; Cause of Death ; Female ; Homicide ; Humans ; Korea ; Law Enforcement ; Male ; Seoul ; Starvation ; Sudden Infant Death