OBJECTIVE:To define the basic elements clinical pharmacists should possess in clinical treatment team.METHODS:The purpose of setting clinical pharmacists system was investigated.Different working scope and different professional requirements of clinical pharmacists and physicians were explored.The basic elements clinical pharmacists should possess in clinical treatment team were found out.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Clinical pharmacist system of our country is a significant progress of the hospital clinical system.Clinical pharmacists in the clinical treatment team must have four basic elements:clinical responsibility,clinical action,clinical ability and clinical effect.Only in this way,could clinical pharmacists in the clinical treatment team become an irreplaceable part.

Understanding heart development at a molecular level is a prerequisite for uncovering the causes of congenital heart diseases .Such knowledge can also greatly benefit therapeutic approaches that try to enhance cardiac regeneration or that involve the differentiation of resident cardiac progenitor cells .Wnt proteins have been shown to play multiple roles dur-ing cardiac development .They are extracellular growth factors that activate different intracellular signaling branches .Here, we summarize our current understanding of how these factors affect different aspects of cardiogenesis , from early specifica-tion of cardiac progenitors to later developmental steps , such as remodeling processes .

Objective To investigate the pathophysiological changes in irradiation-induced heart injury in rats in order to provide preventive and therapeutic strategies for irradiation-induced heart disease(RIHD).Methods Experiments were performed using female Wistar rats with body weight of approximately 220g.12 female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups(sham-irradiated group and irradiated group).Heart of rats was locally irradiated with 60Co ?-ray at a dosage of 20 Gy.During the post-radiation period,the intake of food and activities of the animals were observed daily and the body weight was recorded monthly.On the 120th day after irradiation,myocardial perfusion was tested using real time myocardial contrast echocardiography(RTMCE).On the 180th day after irradiation,the hearts were isolated from the rats of the both groups,and they were perfused with a Langendorff apparatus.Hemodynamic measurements,including peak systolic LV pressure(LVSP),maximal rate of LV pressure rise(LV dp/dtmax)and fall(LV dp/dtmin)were studied.Then the hearts were examined pathologically with HE staining.Results Animals irradiated with single dose of 20Gy locally were apparently in a good condition during the observation period of 180 days.No differences in food intake,physical activities and body weight were observed between irradiated and control animals.However,myocardial blood velocity(beta)of irradiated rats was significantly lower than that of sham irradiated group(P

Background The early diagnosis and treatment is vital for the age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Previous examining methods were fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and optical coherence tomography (OCT).However,a new diagnostic technique,fundus autofluorescence(FAF),is applying in ophthalmology.objective This study was to observe the FAF characteristics of atrophic AMD. Methods Thirty-nine eyes of 28 patients with atrophic AMD were diagnosed and collected in our hospital and classified based on the criteria of Chen Song.FAF was performed by a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope(Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2,HRA2).Characteristics of FAF images were compared with FFA images or color fundus photographs.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to the examination. Results Areas with abnormal increased or decreased FAF signals were consisted or unconsisted with funduscopically visible alterations.Seven manifestations of FAF were found in the eyes with preatrophic stage of atrophic AMD,including slight change,focal increase pattern,patchy pattern,linear pattern,lacelike pattern,reticular pattern,and speckled pattern.In atrophic stage of atrophic AMD,geographic atrophy showed a well-defined hypoautofluorescence area;while non-geographic atrophy showed a ill-defined hypoautofluorescence area.There were three abnormal FAF patterns(focal,band and diffuse)in the junctional zone of geographic atrophy and diffuse pattern in the junctional zone of non-geographic atrophy. Conclusion FAF imaging is helpful for the diagnosis of atrophic AMD as a new non-invasive technique.

Background and purpose: Itch protein is an established regulator of T cell immune response thresholds, belong to a class of E3 ubiquitin-transferring enzymes, widely involve in the ubiquitination of several key signaling molecules, such as ZAP70, P85, VAV, PLC-γ, PKC-θ, etc, plays a critical role in tumor induced immu-nosuppression. Itch ligase activity regulate T-cell anergy and development of regulatory T cells in the periphery by modulating key components of T-cell receptor and transforming growth factor-βsignaling. Therefore, manipulation of Itch activities may provide the opportunities to develop future therapies for immune disorders such as autoimmunity and cancer. speciifc small interfering RNA(siRNA) was utilized to silence the expression of Itch gene of T-lymphocytes and investigate the cytotoxicity activity of transfected T lymphocytes against MFC stomach neoplasms cells in vitro. Methods:T lymphocytes were isolated from the spleen of 615 mice and transfected by speciifc siRNA to silence the expression of Itch gene, The expression of Itch protein were examined by Western bolt in each group;72 hours after transfection, The secretion level of IL-2, INF-γwere measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the end, the cytotoxicity activity changes against MFC stomach neoplasms cells was compared between transfected T lym-phocytes, negative control and blank control in vitro. Results:Compared with control group, the expression rate of Itch protein of transfected T-lymphocytes was decreased to 16%after transfection 48 hours;72 hours after transfection, the secretion level of IL-2 in transfection group, negative control and blank control respectively were (1 891.96±141.91)pg/mL, (1 241.69±91.67)pg/mL and (1 175.03±89.14)pg/mL (P<0.001), the secretion level of INF-γin transfection group, negative control and blank control respectively were (958.33±75.46)pg/mL, (683.33±66.67)pg/mL and (691.72±68.72) pg/mL (P<0.05). Transfected T lymphocyte also showed more efifcient killing ability against MFC stomach neoplasms cells than negative control and blank control in vitro, the highest killing rate has reached (54.18±2.96)%. Conclusion:Silencing Itch gene can signiifcantly promoted the secretion level of IL-2, INF-γof mice T lymphocyte, enhanced the cytotoxicity activity of T lymphocyte against MFC stomach neoplasms cells in vitro.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the work model of clinical pharmacists that tailored to the needs of clinical pharmacy in China.METHODS:The definition and the contents of pharmaceutical diagnosis were expounded.Based on the contents and clinical experience,a pharmaceutical diagnosis table was designed and its clinical application was exemplified.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical diagnosis table can help pharmacists in their clinical practice to find problems related to drug use and improve pharmacists’ job skill and pharmaceutical care quality to serve for clinical pharmaceutical practice.

OBJECTIVE:To supply the reference for benchmarking framework of unit dose dispensing(UDD).METHODS:To introduce the running module and the training mode for UDD pharmacists of the UDD management mode,and the working quality was controlled using 6? management pattern.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The benchmarking framework of UDD is feasible in practice and it can help guarantee dispensing accuracy,improve the quality of pharmaceutical care.

AIM:To explore the preventing effect of citalopram on neuro-cell apoptosis caused by long-term stress in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampus.METHODS:Forty male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into five groups including blank group,control group(the control group was filled the stomade by 0.9% saline)and three experimental groups(intragastric administration of citalopram hydrobromide at doses of 8 mg?kg-1?d-1,4 mg?kg-1?d-1,1 mg?kg-1?d-1,respectively).Rat stress model was made by compulsory swimming everyday for 4 weeks.Cell apoptosis in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampus was observed by HE staining method.Apoptotic cell numbers and integral optical density in CA1 and CA3 region were tested and analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)method and Norton Internet Security BR(NIS BR)software.t-test was applied to compare apoptosis cell numbers and integral optical density.RESULTS:Control rats showed more static time and less struggling times.Conversely,static time was shorter and rats spent more time after exhaustive exercise,and more struggling times in the experimental group.Rats in control group showed more positive cells in CA1 and CA3 regions and higher integral optical density in CA3 region than those in blank group.Rats in experimental groups showed fewer positive cells in CA1 and CA3 regions.Rats in experimental group 1 and group 3 showed higher integral optical density in CA1 and CA3 regions than that in control group.CONCLUSION:Long-term stress might cause neuro-cell apoptosis in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampus.Citalopram might have prophylactic effect on apoptosis caused by long-term stress in CA1 and CA3 region,and the prophylactic effect might not be influenced by citalopram.Our study suggests that the treatment mechanism of citalopram in neural and mental illness by long-term stress may involve in a major role by antagonizing neuronal apoptosis in both the CA1 and CA3.

Cas9 is a RNA-guided double stranded DNA nuclease that participates in the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Wide-type Cas9 directly silences the expression of target gene by gene splicing. The engineered dCas9 protein with the mutation at D10A and H840A lacks the Cas9' s endonuclease function but keeps its DNA binding activity. dCas9 can activate special genes by fusing with transcription activator. Meanwhile,it can inhibit the gene transcription by directly binding to the target gene and stop gene transcrip?tion. Combination of light sensitive structures and CRISPR can produce light-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system for control of gene expres?sion. This system is able to activate or inhibit gene expression via the use of controlling blue light(470 nm). In this review,we mainly discuss the development of the light inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system as well as its application in the control of gene expression.