Objeetive To detect ERG11 gene mutations in clinical isolares of Candida albicans resistant to fluconazole.and discuss their relationship with formation of drug resistance.Methods Clinical specimens were collected.CHROMagar mediuln and amplification of the fragment spanning the conserved sequence of 25S rDNA including some transposable introns.were used to identify subtype Candida albicans isolates.FIuconazole sensitivity was detected in vitro through microdilution and Rosco tablets.The other three fragment of ERG11 gene were amplified and followed by sequencing with resistant type strain ATCC 76615-19 and Candida albicans Darlington strain with two sensitive isolates as controh.Results Fifteen resistant isolates of Candida albicans were found,all of which were type A.Sixteen silent mutations and 11 missense mutations were detected.Mutations in ATCC 76615-19 and Darlington strain were same with what had been reported.In the 2 sensitive strains.G640A(E165K),A945C(E266D)and G1609A/G(V488I)occurred,as well as the other 9 silent mutations.Only G487T(A114S)and T916C(Y257H)existed in each of 14 resistant isolates.In the other one resistant isolate,T541C(Y132H),T495A(D116E),A530C (K128T)and T1493A(F449Y)occurred Mong with 8 silent mutations.Conclusions The occurrence of G487T(A114S)and 1916C(Y257H)in 14 isolates from different sources suggested they may involve in fluconazole resistance.The novel mutation T1493A(F449Y)can appear in resistant isolves of Candida albicans.

Objective To explore influence of out-hospital health education on life quality of senile patient with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after underwent stenting therapy of coronary artery.Methods A total of 100 cases of AMI patients undergoing stenting therapy of coronary artery were selected and randomly divided into the follow-up group and control group with 50 cases in each group. Patients of the follow-up group accepted out-hospital health education. While patients of the control group were only carried out conventional in-hospital health education. The quality of life of two groups was compared.Results At the end of study, the follow-up group had a better life quality than the control group ( P<0.01). The satisfactory degrees of nurse-patient relationship in the follow-up group were better than that of control group ( P<0.05).Conclusion Out-hospital health education can improve life quality of senile patient with AMI after underwent stenting therapy of coronary artery.

ObjectiveTo compare the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD) and also to determine the factors affecting their quality of life.MethodsOne hundred patients with CAD and 100 patients without CAD were included in this cross-sectional study. The patients with CAD and the patients without CAD were matched by age, sex, marital status, and income. HRQOL was measured with the generic HRQOL instrument.ResultsHRQOL scores of the patients with CAD differed significantly from the patients without CAD. Compared to the patients without CAD, the HRQOL of the patients with CAD was lower in the dimensions of mobility, hearing, breathing, elimination, usual activities, mental function, discomfort and symptoms, vitality, and sexual activity. The patients with CAD had lower HRQOLscores than the patients without CAD. In the patients with CAD, age and sex independently affected the HRQOL. Older patients and women had worse HRQOL.ConclusionCoronary artery disease negatively affects HRQOL. It is thought that interventions to increase quality of life the patients with CAD may improve their HRQOL.

Objective To investigate the restricting factors of long-term care of stroke survivors in community.Methods The phenomenological methodology was adopted in the study.Sixteen stroke survivors were interviewed.Data were analyzed by Colaizzi's method.Results Three themes were found,including physical barriers,incorrect attitude towards disease,and defects of community health service.Conclusions On the basis of improving technology and ability,medical workers in community should consider of supporting the patients with information of disease and useful resources in a variety of ways,and improving the patients health literacy.

At present,the AIDS epidemic situation in college students is becoming more and more serious.In view of the particularity of colleges students and the lack of professional team for AIDS prevention and control in colleges and universities,there exists ethical issues when carry out the prevention and control for AIDS in colleges and universities such as the ethical issue in publicity and education,the ethical issue in AIDS behavioral intervention,the ethical issue in the consultation and detection for AIDS.This paper suggests that it should confront the current situation of AIDS prevention and control,improve the professional level of carrying out AIDS prevention and control,adhere to the necessary principles of AIDS prevention and control,and explore a new mode to construct AIDS prevention and control in colleges and universities.

According to the study experience when the author was invited as a visiting scholar in Edinburgh Napier University,also based on the further discussion with local research team members of stroke,the author would like to introduce the multidisciplinary research team with same professional field being established in Scotland,finally in order to give us inspiration how to develop an efficient,long-term and stable research team in China,and which model whether local universities innovative research team or innovative regional research team is much more suitable for our country.The author had participated in stroke team research activities during the Edinburgh Napier University visit;and have some basic understanding to their research ideas and patterns of work after communication and exchanging ideas with team members.Particularly,multidisciplinary research collaboration model based on voluntary organization across entire Scotland is worth to learn for us.It also would inspire the university research terms in their construction in China.

Objective To explore the epidemical pattern of acute schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake area so as to provide the scientific evidence for control-strategy-making. Methods The data of acute schistosomiasis in 12 counties along Poyang Lake from 1960 to 2007, including the data of 2 special investigations from 1982 to 1984 and from 1987 to 1989 were collected and analyzed with the retrospective investigation methods. Results There were 29 864 cases of acute schistosomiasis in 12 counties of Poyang Lake area from 1960 to 2007, accounting for 85.5% of the total acute schistosomiasis cases of Jiangxi Province. The largest number of cases existed in Yugan County, accounting for 18. 7%. The peak of acute schistosomiasis prevalence was in 1987 with 2 088 cases. However, the case of acute schistosomiasis declined significantly, keeping at a low level, since 1990. During the 2 special investigations, the people whose age were lower than 30 years old, were the susceptible populations of acute schistosomiasis (86. 1% and 82. 9% , respectively) , most of them were peasants and students, and the infection rates were 57. 4% and 21.2%, 61.7% and 21. 8%, respectively. Fishing and swimming were the main infection ways, with the infection rates of 43.0% and 44.9% , respectively. The peak season of infection was from April to October. Conclusions The river bank and continent of Poyang Lake are the main infection areas, the spring and autumn are the main epidemic seasons and the susceptible populations are the peasants, fishmen and young students. It is very important to enhance the comprehensive prevention and treatment measures in the key areas and population for schistosomiasis control.

Objective To investigate the relationship between positive experience and social support of spouses' of community stroke patients.Methods 100 stroke patients and their spouses in two communities were conveniently selected and investigated about their positive experience and social support with General Information Questionnaire (GIQ),Modified Barthel Index(MBI),Positive Aspects of Caregiver (PAC),Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS).Results The mean score of the spouses' positive experience was (22.74±5.85); the dimension of serf-affirmation was (15.82±3.84),higher than the dimension of life expectation(6.92±2.95).The scores of the spouses' positive experience were significantly different among age,gender,education of spouses and age and ability of daily life of stroke patients; the score of the spouses' positive experience was positively correlated with social support,subjective support,utility of support;multiple linear regression showed that age of spouses,ability of daily life of stroke patients and utility of support were influential important factors of spouses' positive experience.Conclusions The spouses' positive experience was below average level,we must pay more attention to improve it,utility of support can improve spouses' positive experience.

Objective To investigate the genotype distribution of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-1actamase(ESBLs) by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography(DHPLC) in Hunan Province and the accuracy of DHPLC assay. Methods The blaCTX-M genes of standard strains and clinical ESBLs-producing Enterobacteriaceae were amplified by multiplex PCR followed by DHPLC and genotype determination. 25 isolates randomly selected were sequenced to assess the accuracy of DHPLC method. Results Among 142 ESBLs-producing isolates, 109 isolates carried blaCTX-M gene (76. 8% ). Four different CTX-M genotypes were detected by DHPLC, including CTX-M-3 (33 isolates), CTX-M-15 (19 isolates), CTX-M-14 (52 isolates) and CTX-M-9 (5 isolates). The DHPLC typing of 25 isolates suggested that 24 isolates were verified uniformly by the sequencing, but one CTX-M-15 isolate typed by DHPLC was shown to be CTX-M-82 by sequencing. Conclusion DHPLC is a powerful tool for genotyping of the resistance gene and is worth being applied in the clinical and scientific research with accurate, rapid and economic advantages.

Objective To investigate the performance of DNA microarray in identifying 6 common Candida spp. and validating ERG11 mutations resulting in fluconazolc-resistance in Candida albicans. Methods Oligonucleotide probes were designed and synthesized targeting the species-specific sequence in the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of rDNA of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei, as well as 6 sequences embracing the following mutations respectively in ERG11 gene leading to fluconazole-resistance, i.c., T541C, A 1090G, C1361T, G1537A, G1547A, and T1559C, then arranged onto a chip. Twelve 50-base-pair oligonucleotides were artificially synthesized based on the above specific sequences, and utilized to hybridize with the DNA microarray. Thirty-lbur Candida strains, including 29 C. albicans, 1 Candida tropicalis, 1 Candida glabrata,1 Candida dubliniensis, 1 Candida parapsilosis and 1 Candida krusei, were detected with microarray. Genomic DNA was extracted from these tested strains and underwent multiple PCR for the amplification of ITS2 region and ERGI 1 gene. Sequencing was performed to analyze the sequence of ERG11 in 29 strains of C. albicans and the results were compared with those of DNA microarray hybridization. Results Multiple PCR successfully produced ITS2 fragment of 307-415 bp from all the 34 strains, as well as ERG11 fragment of 1712 bp from 29 C. albicans strains. DNA microarray hybridization offered the same results in species identification of the 34 strains with their given information, as well as in mutation detection of the 29 strains of C. albicans with ERG11 sequencing results. Also, the 6 synthesized oligonucleotides containing the muta- tions were identified precisely as T541C, A1090G, C1361T, G1537A, G1547A, and T1559C, and the 6 species specific oligonucleotieds were identified correctly as C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei Both the sensitivity and the specificity of the microarray were 100%. Conclu- sion DNA microarray is a quite reliable method to identify Candida spp. and fluconazole resistance-associ- ated mutations in the ERG11 gene of C. albicans.