Objective: To examine the association between neonatal birth weight and maternal type 2 diabetes (T2DM), so as to provide insights into the formulation of the early T2DM prevention and improvements of maternal and children health. Methods: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were collected from two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that examined the association between neonatal birth weight and maternal T2DM. Inverse variance weighted method was employed for forward Mendelian randomization with 26 birth weight-associated SNPs as instrumental variables and maternal T2DM as the study outcome and for reverse Mendelian randomization with 18 maternal T2DM-associated SNPs as instrumental variables and maternal effects of neonatal birth weight as the study outcome. The heterogeneity was examined using Cochran's Q test, and the pleiotropy was evaluated using MR-Egger regression, while the robustness of the results was evaluated using leave-one-out test. Results: Cochran's Q test detected heterogeneity across two studies (P=0.019, 0.038), and random effect models were employed. Mendelian randomization showed that an increase in neonatal birth weight by per standard error (approximately 488 g) resulted a 29.9% reduction in the risk of maternal T2DM (OR=0.701, 95%CI: 0.547-0.899), and maternal T2DM increased the neonatal birth weight by 0.074 standard errors (OR=1.074, 95%CI: 1.043-1.106). No horizontal pleiotropy was seen for instrumental variables (P=0.241, 0.188). With each SNP excluded in turn, the results of Mendelian randomization study were robust. Conclusion There are bidirectional associations between neonatal birth weight and risk of maternal T2DM.

Objective:To evaluate the frequency and predictive factors of nipple involvement in a large contemporary cohort of pa-tients and to improve patient selection for the preservation of the nipple-areolar complex. Methods: This retrospective study re-viewed the medical charts of 1,190 patients who underwent traditional mastectomy in Peking University People's Hospital between October 2008 and March 2014. Nipple involvement incidence was compared between the cases of clinically abnormal and clinically normal breasts. Other clinicopathological features and nipple status were analyzed to evaluate the association between these factors and occult nipple involvement. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify predictive factors. Results:Nipple in-volvement was detected in 6.0%of the mastectomy specimens. Meanwhile, incidence was 40.7%(22 out of 54) in clinically abnormal nipple cases and 4.3%(49 out of 1,136) in clinically normal nipple cases (χ2=121.9, P<0.001). Univariate analysis revealed that tumor lo-cation, tumor to nipple distance (≤2 and>2 cm), lymphovascular invasion, diameter (including carcinoma in situ;≤3.5 and>3.5 cm), T stage, N stage, and TNM stage were associated with occult nipple involvement. By logistic regression analysis, tumor location, tumor to nipple distance, T stage, and N stage were determined to be the independent predictors of nipple involvement. Conclusion:Clinical abnormalities of the nipples are reliable and potent predictors of nipple pathology. The cases with peripheral tumor, T1-T2 stage, and N0-N1 stage have lower probability of occult nipple involvement.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with pathologic nipple discharge.Methods:A retrospective analysis was made on patients with nipple discharge who underwent breast MRI and surgical excision between Oct 2010 to Oct 2020. Sensitivity, speci?city, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MRI were calculated.Results:A total of 184 patients fulfilled our selection criteria, including breast cancer in 43 cases (23.4%), intraductal papilloma in 96 cases (52.2%) and other benign diseases in 45 cases (24.5%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of MRI for intraductal lesions of pathologic nipple discharge were respectively 76.8%, 52.2%, 82.8% and 42.9%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of MRI for pathologic malignant nipple discharge were respectively 97.7%, 41.1%, 33.6% and 98.3%. Among the 43 cases of breast cancer, 10 cases (23.3%) were occult malignancy with negative ultrasound and mammography and malignant lesions were detected by MRI. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of MRI for occult malignancy were 81.8%, 53.7%, 24.4%, and 97.3%.Conclusion:MRI is a valuable additional diagnostic tool for the evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge, especially when conventional imaging is negative .

Objective To evaluate the long-term safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy mapped by combination of indocyanine green and methylene blue in breast cancer patients.Methods 198 breast cancer patients with clinical negative axillary lymph node received sentinel lymph node biopsy mapped by combination of indocyanine green and methylene blue.Patients were followed up and regional lymph node recurrence,disease free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS) were analyzed.Results After a median follow-up of 70 months,2 patients had ipsilateral lymph node recurrence with a regional lymph node recurrence rate of 1％ (2/198).14 patient had recurrence or metastasis and 6 patients died of distant metastasis.The estimated 6 years DFS was 94.4％ and OS was 96.5％.The incidence of arm lymphoedema within patients who received axillary lymph node dissection was 4.5％ and it was 2.5％ in patients who received sentinel lymph node biopsy.Conclusions The sentinel lymph node biopsy mapped by combination of indocyanine green and methylene blue was safe and reliable method for further staging axillary lymph node stastus.