Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an organ specific autoimmune disorder affecting the life quality of patients.Glucocorticoids have been applied for many years in the treatment of TAO,though the side effects are the major concern.Recently,intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy is a novel and effective method for TAO treatment.Nevertheless this new strategy needs to be modified,and attention should be paid to the indications and contraindications in order to prevent liver damage when high dose methylprednisolone is applied.

The second part of (2008 edition)includes iodine deficiency disease,thyroditis and thyroid nodule.This guideline reaffirms the epidemic characteristics,the prevention and the management of iodine deficiency disease.It identifies the measurement of iodine nutritional status and the necessity of iodinized salt.It emphasizes the regular diagnosis and treatment of subacute and chronic thyroiditis,and also mentions the advancement on differential diagnosis and rational therapy of thyroid nodules.In addition,it gives some advices on the management of thyroid nodules in two special groups(pregnant women and children).

Severe aplastic anaemia is a marrow failure syndrome characterized by pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow.Immunosuppressive therapy(IST)consisting of antithymocyte or antilymphocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine has been recommended for children lacking HLA-matched sibling donor.For children unresponsive to initial immunosuppressive therapy or those who relapsed after first immunosuppressive therapy,they can choose repeat course of immunosuppressive therapy,allogeneic hernatopoietic stem cell transplantation,new drugs or clinical trials.And the prognosis has been greatly improved in recent years,dueing to the development of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the application of new drugs such as eltrombopag.This article reviews researches advance in different therapies for children with relapsed or refractory severe aplastic anaemia,aimed at guaiding treatment methods.

Taking the characteristics of Indian students into account,teaching quality can be improved by these means:thorough preparation before class,various application for teaching,mutual and interactive communication and inspiration.

Objective To introduce the surgical technique and results of total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer. Methods　Reviews.Results　As a result of TME, local recurrence rates have declined from 20%-30% to 3%-8%, 5-year survival rate have risen to 75%, and the rates of sphincter preservation have risen too.Conclusion　Total mesorectal excision reduces the local recurrence rates and raise the survival figures after excision of rectal cancer. Patients have a high quality of life.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but highly lethal form of thyroid cancer.The original ATC guidelines were published by American Thyroid Association in 2012.The guidelines recommend that once the diagnosis of ATC has been verified,rapid evaluation and establishment of treatment goals are imperative,and a multidisciplinary management is required.Radical surgical resection and high doses of external beam radiotherapy are important factors associated with prolonged survival.

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine tumor.Clinical manifestations are varied with multiple organs involved,mainly due to hypercalcemia.So far the etiology and pathogenesis of parathyroid carcinoma are still unclear and preoperatively diagnosis is difficult.Technetium-99 m sestamibi scan and ultrasound can help to find the early lesions.Complete surgical resection with suspicious involved lymph nodes is the recommended treatment.Parathyroid carcinoma is insensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.New immune therapy yields unsure efficacy.Therapeutic effect and prognosis mainly depend on primary surgical resection of the tumor.The disease recurs in more than 50％ of patients with poor prognosis.

Calorie restriction has been in use since 1900s as a therapy for obesity and type 2 diabetes. There are many modifications and progress in the forms, indications, effects, and safety of calorie restriction following a history over 100 years. However, controversies also arise such as the effect between intermittent calorie restriction vs daily calorie restriction, low fat diet vs low carbohydrate diet and low calorie diet. Therefore, more evidence-based data from high quality studies as RCT trials are needed for determining the optimal individualized calorie restriction regimen. Furthermore, calorie restriction mimetics is recently becoming an exciting research field for scientists and companies.

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease.The pathogenesis of MS is not fully understood.In addition to insulin resistance and central obesity,some other factors such as resting heart rate are also thought to play certain roles.The primary strategy of the intervention is still relying on lifestyle modification including healthy dietary habits.

It has been well known that testosterone is the only connection between testis and bone as it plays an important role in skeletal growth and bone mass accrual.In the past few years,studies showed that factors other than testosterone could also be responsible for bone health.The Leydig cells in the testis produce insulin-like 3 and express cytochrome P450 2R1 (CYP2R1) gene which encodes the major enzyme involved in 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D.The understanding of the crosstalk between testis and bone could contribute to defining an improved clinical approach to the biochemical diagnosis and therapeutic management of hypogonadism and male osteoporosis.