Following an introduction to the concept of medical surge capacity against catastrophic events,the paper made a systematic examination of the studies on the definition and classification of the capacity,surge capacity assessment,and surge capacity planning from the aspects of management science.On this basis,the authors call for medical surge capacity optimization and resource allocation study,in light of the guideline of multi-disciplinary study,development and evolution principles of such events,as well as the operation management thinking and mathematical modeling approach.These efforts will enable medical institutions in their emergency means against such events.

Objective To explore the clinical effects of single-agent Xeloda (Capecitabine) therapy and the related risk factors in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Method Seventy-eight patients with advanced colorectal cancer were treated with oral Xeloda, 1250 mg/m 2 twice daily, on days 1-14 every 21 days. At least 2 cycles were administered. The short-term clinical effects were evaluated, and the related risk factors were tested by Logistic regression analysis. Results The overall response rate was 32.05%with 5 cases complete response (CR), 20 cases partial response (PR), 31 cases stable disease (SD), 22 cases progress disease (PD). The Logistic regression analysis showed that the age (OR=1.52, 95%CI 1.015~2.319), fast blood glucose (OR=1.30, 95%CI 1.483~3.677), albumin (OR=1.98, 95%CI 1.526~2.572), ALT (OR=2.37, 95%CI 1.621~3.509) and AST (OR=2.21, 95%CI 1.526~2.572) were independent risk factors for inefficient treatment. Conclusion The single-agent Xeloda (Capecitabine) is an efficacious treatment for the patients with advanced colorectal cancer. However, the inefficient rate is also high and it relates to a variety of factors. We should comprehensively evaluate the patients to improve the short-term clinical effects.

The tri-plate horizontal mould with nonrigid surgical sponge inserts was developed to establish an industrial system for shaping surgical sponge which is used for cataract operation. The conception on an insertion mechanism of nonrigid flat inserts was firstly suggested by us. The prototype horizontal moulds with tri plate have been designed and manufactured. The experiment results of hundred thousand of times injection shaping have proved that the conception of the design is rational. The structure of shafting mould for nonrigid flats has been confirmed. Present article discussed the design and working mechanism of the insertion in the horizontal injection mould.

Hippophae rhamnoides is a traditional Chinese medicine with homology of medicine and food， which has the effects of relieving cough and resolving phlegm， strengthening the stomach and digestion， and promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis. H. rhamnoides contains not only flavonoids， phenols， proteins， vitamins， and amino acids but also abundant polysaccharides. In order to explore the functional value and current research status of H. rhamnoides polysaccharides， this study systematically summarized the extraction process， structural characteristics， pharmacological effects， and mechanism of action of H. rhamnoides polysaccharides by reviewing Chinese and foreign literature. The results showed that H. rhamnoides polysaccharides have anti-tumor， hypoglycemic， antioxidant， immune regulation， anti-inflammatory， and anti-hyperlipidemia functions and could improve intestinal microbiota. There were various extraction processes for polysaccharides， including hot water extraction， microwave extraction， ultrasonic extraction， enzymatic extraction， flash extraction， ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction， emerald hot water extraction， enzymatic-ultrasonic synergistic extraction， etc. Based on comprehensive analysis， hot water extraction is suitable for industrial development and application. However， multiple homogeneous polysaccharides have been isolated and purified from H. rhamnoides polysaccharides， but their efficacy， structure， and structure-activity relationship still need to be further explored and studied. This study can provide a reference for the research and development of H. rhamnoides polysaccharides.

AIM To explore the effect of tacrolimus on maturity and allostimulatory activity of cultured dendritic cells (DC) in vitro. METHODS Twenty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, tacrolimus, LPS, and tacrolimus+LPS groups. The bone marrow cells of rats were cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 6 d and the DC which adhered to the wall were harvested. No other extraneous reagents were used in control group. Tacrolimus 10 μg·L-1 was added to tacrolimus group at the beginning of culture. Lipopolysaccarides (LPS) 100 μg·L-1 were administered 18 h beforeharvest in LPS group. In tacrolimus+LPS group, tacrolimus and LPS were used in accordance with tacrolimus and LPS groups. The immunophenotypes of DC were analyzed with flow cytometry and the level of IL-12 secreted by DC was detected by ELISA. The allostimulatory activity of DC on allogeneic T cells was assessed with mixed lymphocyte reaction. RESULTS Compared with control group, LPS increased CD80 and CD86 expressions, IL-12 secretion and allostimulatory activities of DC. Compared with control and LPS groups, tacrolimus cut down the expressions of CD80 and CD86, decreased the secretion of IL-12 and reduced the allostimulatory activity of cultured DC. CONCLUSION Tacrolimus exerts a negative effect on the maturation and allostimulatory activity of cultured DC in vitro.

Objective To study the indications of percutaneous ultrasound-guided direct fetal blood sampling; the methods of fetal blood assessment; and the relationship between the different puncture techniques and the complications. Methods Direct fetal blood sampling were performed on 90 pregnant women whose gestational age were from 16 to 36 weeks for medical indications under the guide of ultrasound. None stress test were performed before and after the puncture. Ulrtrasonographies were done at 2 hours and 24 hours after the procedure. Results There were no severe maternal or fetal complications such as fetal loss and placental abruption. The incidence of bradycardia was 35.6%(32/90), all recovered within 60 seconds; the incidence of bradycardia happened within 4 hours after the puncture was 2.25(2/90). There was a positive relationship among the incidence of bradycardia, the volume of blood taken and the place of punctures,r=0.27 and 0.36 respectively. There was one case with placental changing happened after 2 hours of the puncture, the placenta changing incidence was 1.1%. No emergency cesarean section was done due to the complications of the procedure. All the umbilical cord were normal when the babies were born. Conclusions Direct fetal blood sampling is a safe technique for both fetus and the mother under the guide of real time ultrasound. The data come from fetal blood analysis give reliable informations about chromosome, congenital infections, the status of fetal metabolism, endocrine system and hematologic system directly, which make this technique unreplacable for intrauterine diagnosis.

Objective To study changes of DNA content in human spleen nuclei and seek an experimental method for estimation of the postmortem interval(PMI)using computerized image-analysis technique(CIAT).Methods Smear sections from spleen sampled were collected in 36 cadavers with known the accurate PMI respectively every hour within the first 36 hours after death,which were then fixed with cold Carony fixation.The smeared sections were stained by Feulgen-van's staining method.3 indices for spleen nucleic DNA including integral optical density(IOD),average optical density(AOD)and average gray(AG)were measured using the CIAT.Results IOD and AOD in the spleen nuclei declined regularly,whereas AG increased with the extension of PMIs in 36 hours.Conclusion There are definite relationships between the PMI and gray parameters(IOD、AOD and AG)representing the DAN content of nucleic DNA in the spleen in 36 hours after death,which may be used for estimation of PMI.

Objective To understand the prevalence rate of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its related factors in community elderly so as to provide evidence for the community intervention. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in a random sampling of 925 elderly people. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), activities of daily living (ADL) scale and questionnaire were used for face-to-face interview. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were applied in this study. Results The prevalence rate of MCI was 21.1% in elderly people. Female, high age, illiteracy, loss of spouse, lack of exercise, no professional activitives and not doing some work for the descendants were the risk factors for MCI. Conclusions The aging and the low educational level are the risk factors for MCI in the elderly. High self-care ability scores are the protective factors for MCI.

BACKGROUND: Immune tolerance is regarded as the most effective measure to overcome rejection. For the past few years, the important effect of immature dendritic cells (imDCs) on immune tolerance has drawn close attention. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of imDCs treated with tacrolimus (FK506) on imlnune tolerance in rat allograft organ transplantation and to investigate the mechanism of immune tolerance induced by imDCs. DESIGN: A randomized and controlled animal experiment. MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Animal Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College. Qingdao University from April 2006 to December 2006.Cervical heart transplantations were performed in which 45Wister rats were used as donors and45 SD rats as allograft recipients. The ratswere randomly divided into three groups with 15 for each. METHODS: Normal sodium, imDes. and imDCs treated with FK506 were injected via vena caudalis seven. days before the operations respectively. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was meas ured on SD, Wistar, and Lewis rats. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Heart allografi survival was monitored and one-way MLR, heart pathology and the levels of interleukin-2(IL-2),IL-4,IL-10,and interferon-Y(IFN-Y)in the serum were detected. RESULTS: In treatment group without FK506.heart allografl survival were prolonged after imDC injection(P＜0.01);while their survival were prolonged further in treatment group with FK506(P＜0.05).MLR showed that the tolerance was donor specific. Analysis of variance showed that tere was high significant difference for serum concentrations of IL-2,IFN-Y,IL-4,and IL-10 in the three groups(P＜0.01).The concentrations of IL-2 and IFN-Y expressing on Th1 were lower. and that of IL-4 and IL-10 expressing on Th2 were obviously higher in the latter two groups. CONCLUSION: ImDCs can induce immune tolerance in rat heterotopic heart transplantation successfully; ImDCs treated with FK506 can enhance the tolerance which is donor specific.ImDCs may induce the immnune tolerance bymeans of modifying the immune response type of T cells (immune deflection from Th1 to Th2), mediating the generation of regulatory T cells (T-reg)and inducing T cells disenabling.

Objective To investigate the inductive factors, the prevention and treatment methods of pulmonary edema during pregnancy Methods The clinical materials of 21 cases of preganacy with pulmonary edema treated in our hospital from Jan 1985 to Jan 2000 were analysed retrospectively Results Among 21 patients, 26 pulmonary edema attacked, 9 of them had upper have respiratory diseases, thirteen cases caused by improper infusion Fourteen cases were well controlled quickly with antiplasm nifedipine, myocardial streng and diuretics If the symptoms could not be controlled properly, vasodilators were applicated We had 16 cesarean section under epidural anaesthesia, one vaginal birth, and the other one birth by forceps Conclusions Pulmonary edema in pregnancy usualluy followed with acute heart failure caused by sever pregnancy induced hypertension We should pay more attention to the indications of it During treatment,we should give vasodilators properly,so as to prevent pulmonary edema