Microglia, the main innate immune cells in the central nervous system, takes part in lots of physiological and pathological processes in the brain.It not only maintains brain homeostasis but also participates in the process of brain injury and repair under pathological conditions.In developmental brain, microglial synaptic pruning may eliminate weaker synapses and retain stronger synapses.Synaptic pruning also plays a vital role in mediating the formation of neural circuit under physiological condition, contributes to cell and myelin debris clearance, promotes maturation of oligodendrocytes, which surround the bare axon to form myelin sheath, and helps the regeneration of neurons and synapses.Recently, increasing number of studies on microglial synaptic pruning has advanced our understanding of the underlying mechanism for synaptic pruning and its relevant physiological functions.Here, we reviewed microglial synaptic pruning function and its potential regulatory mechanisms in brain under physiological and pathological conditions.

Objective To observe the curative effect of the combined action of Compound Xuanju Capsule and Prednisone on oligospermatism and antisperm antibody due to yang deficiency of kidney. Methods 136 patients were randomly divided into two groups: a treated group, which was taken Compound Xuanju Capsule and Prednisone, and a control group, which was taken Prednisone and Tamoxifen Citrate Tablet. Both groups received a 3-month therapy. The conditions of semen and antisperm antibody between the two groups were observed before and after the treatment. Results The total effective rate of the treated group was 90.94% (61 in 67 cases), and in which 11 cases were pregnant (16.41%). While the total effective rate of the control group was 63.07% (41 in 65 cases), and in which 2 cases were pregnant (3.08%).The clinical efficacy of the treated group was better than that of the control group. (P＜0.05) After the treatment, sperm density and motility of two groups were both evidently increased, (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) and the treated group increased much more obviously (P＜0.05). Conclusion The combined action of Compound Xuanju Capsule and Prednisone can improve the curative effect on the treatment for male infertility from oligospermatism and antisperm antibody due to yang deficiency of kidney.

Background The incidence of dry eye is gradually increasing,and the aging of population is one of factors.Researches showed that the change of tear film stability leads to shift of corneal refractive power, which probably affects the measurement of intraocular lens (IOL) power.The influence of dry eye on the calculation of IOL power is worth paying close attention.Objective This study was to investigate the influence of dry eye on the accuracy of IOL power calculation in age-related cataractous patients.Methods A non-randomized controlled clinical study was performed.Two hundred and sixteen eyes of 216 cataract patients were enrolled in Yanbian Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital from May 2013 to February 2014.The visual acuity, intraocular pressure, break up time of tear film (BUT),Schirmer Ⅰ test (S] t) and corneal fluorescein staining were examined in all the eyes,and then the patients were assigned to mild dry eye group (73 eyes), severe dry eye group (68 eyes) and non-dry eye control group (75 eyes).The axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured using IOL Master for the calculation of IOL power and K value (corneal curvature).Phacoemulsification with IOL implantation was performed on all the eyes,and the refractive power was measured with KR 8100 automatic optometry 2 months after operation.The mean absolute refractive error (MARE) between actual refraction and predicted refraction was calculated, and percentage of eyes in different refractive error ranges was compared between the dry eye group and non-dry eye control group.The correlations of dry eye-related parameters with peroperative K value and refractive error were analyzed.This study was approved by the Ethics of Yanbian University,and written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to entering the cohort.Results No significant differences were found in age, gender, AL,ACD and MARE among the mild dry eye group,severe dry eye group and non-dry eye control group (all at P＞0.05), and significant differences in BUT,S Ⅰ t and corneal fluorescein staining scores were found among these three groups (F=5.460,4.521,3.572, all at P＜0.05).The K values were (43.59± 1.39) , (44.66± 1.53) and (43.42± 1.32) D in the mild dry eye group,severe dry eye group and non-dry eye control group,and the K value in the severe dry eye group was significantly higher than that in the non-dry eye control group (P =0.012).The percentage of eyes with +0.50-+0.75 D deviation was significantly elevated(28.8％ versus 13.3％), and that with-0.50--0.75 D deviation was significantly declined (17.3％ versus 28.0％) in the dry eye group compared with non-dry eye control group (x2 =4.513 ,P=0.032;x2 =4.236,P=0.037).A negative correlation was found between BUT and K value (r=-0.204,P=0.011).Conclusions Dry eye affects the accuracy of the determination of IOL power.Compared with the preoperative refraction predictive value,the postoperative refraction shift toward hyperopia.

Object To study the standard operating procedure (SOP) for Alisma plantago aquatica L. so as to make its high quality, high yield and public nuisance free, and correspond to international standards, then enter into world market. Methods The historical culture, essential ecological environment, species resources and seed selection for the plant were investigated, the content of index components and active components in the plant was determined. Results The traditional cultural manner was improved and SOP for the plant was set up. Conclusion The plant cultured under SOP is excellent.

BACKGROUND:Chronic ankle instability can cause traumatic joint disease and secondary adhesive capsulitis, and even result in permanent dysfunction.
OBJECTIVE: To explicit the forming reason of chronic ankle instability and to investigate the diagnosis and treatment methods of chronic ankle instability based on the biomechanical analysis of the ankle joint.
METHODS: PubMed and Wanfang databases were retrieved for review and basic research papers about the anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle instability published from January 1990 to December 2014. The keywords were “chronic ankle instability, anatomy of ankle joint, biomechanics, therapy, research” in English and Chinese, respectively. After screening, 40 papers were included to summarize the anatomical structure of the ankle joint, mechanism and classification, diagnostic methods, and treatment methods of chronic lateral ankle instability.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Diagnostic methods of chronic ankle instability include ankle varus stress test, ankle anterior drawer test, ultrasonic test, modern imaging detection; and therapeutic methods for chronic ankle instability can be divided into conservative treatment and surgical treatment, and the surgical treatment can be subdivided into non-anatomic reconstruction and anatomical repair of the damaged ligament. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are recommended for patients with chronic ankle instability, and the treatment programs should be determined based on comprehensive analysis of ankle anatomical structure, biomechanical characteristics, pathogenesis, and diagnostic results.

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of catgut net wrapping for preservation of the injured spleen.Methods Catgut net wrapping method was used to preserve the injured spleen,and the clinical material of those patients treated by the wrapping method was retrospectively evaluated.Results Ultimate spleen recovery was achieved in each case of 15 patients without postoperative bleeding observed,any abscess formation,or complications related to the use of catgut net wrapping.The patients were discharged after 10 to 14 hospital dayS.Two-week-fol-low-up results showed this therapeutic opinion is safe.Conclusion As a means of preserving the injured spleen,the catgut net wrapping method was simple,safe,and efficacious.

Objective To analysis of the causes, operative methods and the clinical results in patients with dislocated intraocular lens(IOL). Methods 11 cases (11 eyes) underwent surgical management of dislocated IOL were analyzed retrospectively. Results In the all cases trauma was the main cause; Surgical techniques included IOL exchange in 3 eyes and IOL removal in 1eye,removal combined with re-implantation in 5 eyes, simple cut the after cataract in 2 eyes, the final best-corrected visual acuity was 0.6~0.8 in 3 patients (27.27%), 0.4～0.5 in 4 patients (45.45%) ,0.2~0.3 in 2 patients (18.18%) and

Objective To observe the efficacy of palace production technique of Puerpera with gestational hypertension by ropivacaine combined with sufentanil and epidural anesthesia.Methods77 cases with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy from January 2014 to January 2015 hypertensive, 39 cases were randomly divided into observation group and the control group of 38 patients, the control group received ropivacaine anesthesia, the observation group received ropivacaine combined with sufentanil and epidural anesthesia, observed two groups of mothers onset time of anesthesia, operative time, pain duration, neonatal apgar score, postoperative pain scores and adverse reactions.ResultsThe onset time of anesthesia, analgesia duration, and postoperative pain scores were significantly better than the control group, the difference was significant (P<0.05);two groups of mothers in the operation time, score and adverse neonatal apgar, the total incidence the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionRopivacaine combined with sufentanil CSEA anesthesia for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy cesarean exact effect is better than alone ropivacaine spinal anesthesia program, and no obvious side effects and is worthy of further promotion and application.

ObjectiveTo discuss etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management and prognosis of cavernous degenerarion and hypertension of portal vein.MethodsThe clinical and image data of 7 children with cavernous degeneration and hypertension of portal vein were veviewed.ResultsHematemesis, melena and splenomegaly were the major presentations. The diagnosis was confirmed by color Doppler ultrasonography except 4 cases had angiography. All cases underwent splenectomy and transection of the gastric fundus and esophageal veins. Five of them had an additional portalcaval shunt.ConclusionCongenital factors may play some role in the development of cavernous degeneration and hypertension of portal vein in children. For the disase discussed this paper the image examination is the main diagnostic method, and the management is same with portal hyertension and the prognosis is closely related to the liver function.

BACKGROUND: The clinical manifestation of senile depression is not typical. The patients with senile depression seldom visit in general hospital, which is hard for clinical doctors to identify the disease at early time.OBJECTIVE: To research the traits of Coping style and social support in the recovered senile depressive patients.DESIGN: Case-control observation.SETTING: Department of Psychology in North China Coal Medical College.PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-six senile depressive patients at convalescent stage were selected for depressive group in clinic service of Beijing Anding Hospital from November 2004 to October 2005. Inclusion criteria: ①Aged≥60 years old. ② Coded with depression with DSM-Ⅳ. ③ Being the period of recovery, geriatric depression scale(GDS)≤10. ④Informed consent was obtained from each participant. Exclusion criteria: ① Depression resulted from other factors for instance substance abuse and schizophrenia,etc. ②Serious and instable body disease such as cerebrovascular disease,liver and kidney disease, falling sickness, disease of internal secretion. Totally 104 questionnaires were sent out, and 96 were qualified. 37 were male and 59 were female in the depressive group, aged 60-87 years old,with average of (68±6)years. The course of disease was 0.3-11 years, with mean of 2 years. The elderly from ordinary community of Beijing were invited for control group. Inclusion criteria: ①Aged ≥ 60 years old; ② No mental disease. ③ Informed consent was obtained from each participant.Exclusion criteria: The same to the depressive group. There are 100 participants in the control group, 44 were male and 56 were female, aged 60 to 84 years old, with average (67±5) years old. There were no significant differences between depressive group and control group in gender, age, education, living conditions and marriage status.METHODS: 96 senile depressive patients at convalescent stage and 100healthy aged were investigated with self-made questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The scores of the self-made questionnaire, GDS, SSRS and SCSQ answered by participants in each group.RESULTS: All the 196 participants entered the result analysis. There was not disqualified questionnaire. There were significantly lower scores of positive coping style and higher scores of negative coping style in the depressive group than the control group(P ＜ 0.05 ). There was lower score of social support, subjective social support and use of social support in the depressive group than the control group (P ＜ 0.05). The scores of objective social support was not significantly different in each group. There was remarkable positive correlation between active coping style and score of social support, subjective social support and use of social support in recovered senile depressive group (P ＜ 0.01). Passive coping style was negatively correlated with score of social support, subjective social support and use of social support(P ＜ 0.01 ).CONCLUSION: Subjective social support and use of social support and negative coping style are the major risk factor in the onset of senile depression.