0.05); and more 5 years,length of service also between doctors. There were 98.3% of medical staffs being aware of health care law for six-step hand-washing and hand hygiene 97.8% being aware of hand hygiene compliance and 86.7% obtained knowledge after proper training,but most of them did not know the relationship between hand hygiene and hospital infection. CONCLUSIONS A good hand hygiene compliance need not only a reliable and convenient environment,but also training,inspection,supervision and management.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of combined application of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae injection and dopamine injection on peritoneal dialysis patients.METHODS: By self-control method,the peritoneal dialysis solution of 22 patients with ambulant continued peritoneal dialysis was added with 20 mg dopamine injection and 12 mL Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae injection for dialysis of 14 days.The D/P values of urea nitrogen(UN) and creatinine(Cr),week's peritoneal UN clearance index(KT/V),the clearance rate of Cr(Ccr),week's total KT/V,Ccr,reabsorption rate of glucose and the net amount of 24 hours' ultrafiltration were recorded before and after medication.RESULTS: The addition of dopamine injection and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae injection to the peritoneal dialysis solution resulted in significant higher values in week's peritoneal KT/V,Ccr and week's total KT/V,Ccr and the net amount of 24 hours' ultrafiltration as compared with before medication(P

The paper gives a detailed description of the main features of American medical services,the characteristics of American hospitals,the responsibilities of hospital presidents and the problems faced by them.In addition,it introduces the macro-management of American hospitals and the existing problems.

Objective: To establish the assay of berberine hydrochloride for Sanhuang Tablets (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Extractum Scutellariae and berberine hydrochloride). Methods:The HPLC with a KF C 18 column (250mm?4.6mm,10?m) was used. Acetonitrile-0.05 mol?L -1 triethylamine buffer solution (adjusted pH to 3.0 with conc. H 3PO 4) (35∶65) was used as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0mL?min -1 , and the detection wavelength was at 347nm. Results: The method has a good linear dependuce. The average recovery of loading sample was 98.21% with RSD 1.01%. ( n =9). Conclusion: The method is convenient for a good resolution and can be used for the quality control of Sanhuang Tablets.

Objective To investigate the relationship between myeloid-derived suppressor cell ( MDSC) levels and immune function and hepatitis B virus DNA ( HBV-DNA) replication level in patients with hepatitis B. Methods 96 patients with hepatitis B were included in the study.40 normal persons who received physical examina-tion in the hospital during the same period were included as the control group.The content of MDSC was detected by flow cytometry and HBV-DNA level was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technique.Statistical analysis was performed.Results The content of MDCS in hepatitis B group (8.77 ±3.69)%was significantly high-er than (1.64 ±1.26)%in the control group (t=16.80,P<0.05).The content of MDCS in HBsAg positive group (11.29 ±3.39)%was significantly higher than (4.71 ±2.88)%in HBsAg negative group (t=10.76,P<0.05). The proportions of HBA DNA<103 IU/mL,103 -104 IU/mL and 105 -106 IU/mL in HBsAg positive group(0.00%, 0.00%,9.09%) were significantly lower than those in HBsAg negative group (54.05%,22.97%,20.27%),while the proportion of HBA DNA>107 IU/mL ( 90.91%) was significantly higher than that in HBsAg negative group (2.70%)(P<0.05).The content of MDSC in HBV DNA positive group[(10.82 ±3.26)%] was significantly higher than that in HBV DNA negative group[(5.84 ±2.16)%](t=8.42,P<0.05).Spearman's correlation analy-sis showed that the level of MDCS expression was positively correlated with the level of DNA replication (r=0.769, P<0.05).Conclusion The increased level of MDSC content can cause the immune suppression and is positively correlated with the degree of HBV DNA replication.

Executive function is an important advanced cognitive process, and it is the function that integrates different cognitive processes to achieve one's aim. Updating is an important component of executive function. According to the classifications of Miyake & Colletee on executive function, two study paradigms on memory updating are discussed: n-back paradigm & running memory paradigm. A new study method called latent variable analysis and new studies of cognitive neuroscience on memory updating are introduced. Issues on ethics and morality in research on cognitive experiment of psychology are briefly demonstrated to explore appropriate direction for research of executive function in future.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Significant advancements have been observed in the thera-py for non-small celllung cancer (NSCLC). With constant extension of new awareness regarding the histopathology of lung cancer, ho-mologous chemotherapeutic regimens have been developed on the basis of histopathological sub-typing methods. With developments in molecular biology, driving gene mutations during tumorigenesis and progression have been discovered. A series of targeted drugs for various molecular subtypes has also been investigated and developed on the basis of these mutations. This review summarizes recently published clinical outcomes on the management of advanced NSCLC and strategies to apply drugs in clinical treatments.

Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome is a common respiratory tract obstructive disease in children, which often affects children's mental and physical development. For repeated tonsil inflammation and nocturnal sleep apnea in children with OSAHS, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy is the most effective treatment. But children's postoperative immune function remain in dispute, this review focuses on immunologic function change and influence in the OSAHS children after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, according to the existing research results can be confirmed. The immune parameters in OSAHS children who had tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy will vary differently after a short period of several, considering these manifestations are the stress response after operation, and its long-term immune parameters can recover to the normal level. Thus, the postoperative immune function of OSAHS with tonsillitis in children after the adenoid and tonsil resection has no negative effects, providing theory basis for clinician's treatment for clinicians to parents of children with answers to questions provide the theory basis.
Adenoidectomy ; Child ; Humans ; Postoperative Period ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; immunology ; surgery ; Tonsillectomy ; Treatment Outcome

Lymphatic malformations including macrocystic and microcystic malformation are congenital benign vascular disease. The incidence in children is much higher than adults and they most often occur in head and neck. There are a variety of diagnosis and treatment methods in lymphatic malformations. This paper reviewed the recent literatures with respect to the pathology, imaging and treatment of the lymphatic malformations in children. And we detailed the advantage and disadvantage of surgical excision, sclerotherapy, laser ablation and drug treatment of lymphatic malformations particularly in children. Surgical excision continues to be integral to treat in many cases when the lesions involve the eye socket or are large enough to affect breathing, but it should not be overused without consideration of the histologic types and extent. In addition, cervicofacial macrocystic lesions tend to sclerotherapy while superficial mucosal microsystic lesions are amenable to laser therapy. In order to obtain the best treatment outcomes, the treatment protocol should be individualized and comprehensive.
Child ; Head ; pathology ; Humans ; Laser Therapy ; Lymphatic Abnormalities ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Neck ; pathology ; Sclerotherapy ; Treatment Outcome

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome ( LGS) is an globally recognized refractory epilepsy,also known as an age-dependent epileptic encephalopathy. It is characterized by multiple seizure types, mental retardation, and slow spike-wave complexes discharges or fast rhythmic bursts during sleep on electroencephalographic re-cordings. Many antiepileptic drugs were reported for the treatment of LGS,but it was difficult to compare their efficacy because of the small sample size and design limitations. Valproate,topiramate and lamotrigine are rec-ommended to be the first-line drugs by most guidelines or expert consensus,and the combination of valproate and lamotrigine or the combination of lamotrigine and topiramate should be preferred as early as possible for initial treatment of LGS in children. Recent progresses of medical treatment of LGS are reviewed and some optical re-gimes are proposed in this paper.